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Alevel BiO ;) > CHANGES TO environment > Flashcards

CHANGES TO environment Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define taxis

A

directional response stimulus

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2
Q

define kinesis

A

a non-directional response to stimuli

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3
Q

what tropism

A

the growth part of a plant in response to a directional stimulus.

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4
Q

which way do plant shoot grow in negative phototropism

A

plants grow away from light - down into the soil

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5
Q

which direction do plant shoots grow in positive phototropism

A

plants grow towards the light.

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6
Q

which direction do plant roots grow in positive geotropism

A

down

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7
Q

what does IAA control

A

cell elongation

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8
Q

where will IAA move to in the plant

A

shaded side

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9
Q

in which direction will IAA caused the plant shoot to bend towards

A

shoot tip bends towards the light

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10
Q

what does IAA do in the root

A

inhibits the elongation of root cells

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11
Q

what does IAA increase

A

plasticity - as cells get older they increase in ridgidity and they cannot stretch

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12
Q

what is the central nervous system made up of

A

brain and spinal chord

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13
Q

what si the peripheral nervous system made of

A

pairs of nerves that originate from the brain or spinal chord

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14
Q

which kind of impulses do sensory neurones carry

A

from receptors towards the central nervous system

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15
Q

which kind of impulses do motor neurones send

A

from the CNS to the effectors

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16
Q

what is the voluntary nervous system

A

carries impulses to the body muscles which are all under voluntary control

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17
Q

what is the automatic nervous system

A

carries nerves impulses to the glands, smooth muscles and cardiac muscles which is not under voluntary control

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18
Q

briefly describe the reflex arc

A

stimulus - receptor- sensory neurone- coordinator- motor neurone- effector- response

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19
Q

which type of stimulus is the Pacinian corpuscle related to

A

pressure mediated response

20
Q

how does the Pacinian Corpuscle work

A

changes in pressure will deform the membrane and the surrounding neurones - they will become stretched.

  • this stretching will allow the sodium channels to open and Na+ will diffuse intot he neurone.
  • the neurone will become depolarised and will from a generator potential
  • the generator potential will act as a transducer and create an action potential, that can be transmitted along other neurones to the CNS
21
Q

what kind of pigment is in a rod cell

A

rhodopsin

22
Q

what kind of pigment is a cone cell

A

iodopsin

23
Q

do rods high or low visual acuity

A

low

24
Q

do cones have high or low visual acuity

A

high

25
Q

where are the cones centred

A

concentrated in the fovea ( very central) - not many in the periphery

26
Q

where are the rods centred

A

at the periphery of the retina

27
Q

is there retinal convergence in the rods

A

yes - summation to produce an Action potential many rods to one neurone

28
Q

is there summation in cone cells

A

no - one cone to one neurone.

29
Q

what do rod and cone cells act as

A

transducers

30
Q

what type of light frewuwncies do cones detect

A

red blue green

31
Q

which light frequencies do rods detect

A

black and white

32
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

stimulates effectors to produce a faster response - and prepares the fight or flight response

33
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

inhibits effectors and slows and response. it controls resting conditions - it is concerned with conserving energy

34
Q

what does myogenic mean

A

that the contraction of the heart muscle is initiated from itself rather than neurogenic impulses from outside the heart

35
Q

what does the SAN do

A

the initial stimulus for contraction is created and determines the beat of the heart. it is also known as the pacemaker

36
Q

where is the SAN located

A

right atrium

37
Q

describe the pathwayof a myogenic impulse

A

-a wave of electrical excitation spreads from the SAN across both atria causing them to contract.
- the atrioventricular septum prevents the wave crossing to the ventricles
-the wave of excitation enters the AVN.
- after a short delay the AVN will convey a wave along the purkyne tissue, which collectively make the bundle of his.
- the bundle of his conducts the wave between the atrioventicular septum to the base of the ventricles, where the bundle branches into smaller fibres of purkyne tissue
- thewave of excitation is released from the purkyne tissue causing the vrntricles to contract quickly at the same time from the bottom up

38
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do

A

an area in the heart which is responsible for changes in heart rate
- increasing - the SAN which is sympathetic nervous system

and decreasing which is part of the parasympathetic nervous system linked to the SAN

39
Q

will more CO2 in the blood lower or raise blood pH

A

lower

40
Q

where are chemoreceptors

A

carotid arteries and aorta

41
Q

where is the AVN

A

between the atria

42
Q

where is the purkyne tissue located

A

distributed in the ventricles

43
Q

where is the bundle of his located

A

atrioventricular septum

44
Q

what is the function of chemoreceptors

A

to detect changes in pH and send impulses to the medulla oblongata

45
Q

what happens when BP is higher than normal

A

baroreceptors send more impulses to the medulla oblongata to decrease heart rate - via the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system to the SAN

46
Q

what happens when BP is lower than normal

A

baroreceptors send more impulses to the medulla oblongata to increase heart rate - via the SYMPATHETIC nervous system to the SAN

47
Q
A

Alevel BiO ;) (32 decks)

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