Respiration Flashcards
Respiration
the process by which energy is released from food by all living cells
Breathing
Breathing refers to the movements in animals that bring oxygen to a gaseous exchange surface and remove carbon dioxide from the surface.
Aerobic Respiration
- Aerobic respiration occurs in most cells. It uses oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria.
- Aerobic respiration always produces carbon dioxide, water and about 38 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.
Anaerobic Respiration
- Anaerobic respiration takes place without oxygen in the cytoplasm of some cells.
- The products of anaerobic respiration vary, but at least one is always organic, and it produces considerably less energy per molecule of glucose than aerobic respiration.
ATP
adenosine triphosphate molecules are energy carrying molecules which store and transport energy in living cells
they are formed by combining some of the energy released with an adp molecule and a phosphate group present in the cell
energy-currency of cells
Advantages of the storage and transport of ATP
- energy can be released rapidly,
- exactly the right amount of energy can be released when needed (which prevents waste)
- energy can be released exactly where it is needed in the cell.
Why does anaerobic respiration release less energy per molecule of glucose than aerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration releases less energy because the glucose is only partially broken down and the organic products still contain some energy, whereas the glucose is completely broken down in aerobic respiration and the products do not contain any energy.
Strenuous Exercise
During the strenuous exercise, the oxygen supply to the athlete’s muscle cells eventually became too low for the demands of aerobic respiration, so his cells began to respire anaerobically and produce lactic acid. The lactic acid
built up in his muscle cells and began to harm them and eventually stopped them from contracting, which caused
him to collapse. The athlete had to rest before exercising again so that his muscle cells could get rid of the lactic acid by respiring it aerobically.
Gaseous exchange
the process by which oxygen diffuses into an organism, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of an
organism, through a gaseous exchange/respiratory surface.
WHY is Breathing and gaseous exchange are essential to organisms that respire aerobically:
- To ensure they have a continual supply of oxygen to meet the demands of aerobic respiration.*
- To ensure that the carbon dioxide produced in respiration is continually removed so that it does not build up and poison cells.
Identify FOUR characteristics that gaseous exchange surfaces have in common.
- They have a large surface area so that large quantities of gases can be exchanged.
- They are very thin so that gases can diffuse through them rapidly.
- They are moist so that gases can dissolve before they diffuse through the surface.
- they have a rich blood supply to quickly transport gases between the surface and the body cells.
gaseous exchange surface in a human.
The walls of the alveoli in the lungs.
HOW is air is drawn into the lungs in a human. Movements of Intercostal muscles and diaphragm
The external intercostal muscles between the ribs contract
and the internal intercostal muscles relax, causing the ribs
and sternum to move upwards and outwards. At the same
time the diaphragm muscles contract, causing the diaphragm
to move downwards or flatten. These movements cause
the volume inside the thorax and lungs to increase and the
pressure to decrease, which draws air into the lungs.
How air reaches the alveoli
As the air is drawn in during inhalation, it is warmed in the nasal passages, and cleaned and moistened by mucus lining the nasal passages and trachea. The mucus is moved to the throat by cilia (microscopic hairs) lining the nasal passages and trachea, and is swallowed. The air passes through the bronchi and bronchioles and enters the alveoli where gaseous exchange occurs between the air and the blood in the capillaries.
Reasons to not smoke
- Smoking cigarettes can lead to nicotine addiction.
- Smoking cigarettes reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity
of the blood. - Smoking cigarettes can cause a persistent cough to
develop. - Smoking cigarettes can lead to the development of
chronic bronchitis. - Smoking cigarettes can cause emphysema.
- Smoking cigarettes can cause cancer of the mouth, throat,
oesophagus and lungs.
Smoking
the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material. A variety of plant materials are smoked, including marijuana, hashish and tobacco
Impact on the Lungs
Emphysema- shortness of breath due to damaged alveoli
When one smokes, it agitates the lungs causing the cells in the trachea to secrete mucus which increases and thickens over time. Additionally, the cilia that lines the airway gets damaged and its functions of wafting mucus out of the lungs, decreases. This results in the mucus clogging up your airways causing risk to respiratory infections.
Impact on the Circulatory System
The capillaries that surround the alveoli in the lungs get damaged due to the nicotine, causing one’s blood vessels to become narrow, stiff and less elastic, limiting the amount of blood flow to the organs. Smoking can increase the risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases.
Tar- sticky brown substance contains carcinogens
the tar in cigarettes causes plaque to build up in your blood vessels. This results in a restricted blood flow and blood becomes thicker and blood clots develop.
Smoking on integumentary System
Due to insufficient blood flow to the skin and not enough oxygen and nutrients is being supplied to preserve the health of the skin, it is affected by:
- Making one’s appearance look gray, old and makes you look 10-15 years older.
- Slows down the healing process of wounds and cuts making a smoker susceptible to wound infections
- Doubles the risk of skin cancer, oral and lip cancer
Impact on the Eyes
The eyes can develop a Cataract which is the clouding of the eye’s natural clear lens. This causes blurry vision making objects look dull in colour, faded or even yellow.
Short term effects of smoking
bad breath, reduction in the senses of taste and smell, fatigue and a decrease in energy.
Cessation Methods- Pharmacotherapy
essentially, Substances designed to combat nicotine dependence and withdrawal side effects.
Buporpion
A drug which balances dopamine levels
Nicotine causes an overflow of dopamine in the pleasure seeking parts of the brain creating an adrenaline rush. Bupropion blocks the absorption of the overflow of dopamine in the brain, leaving a steady level available for when nicotine leaves the body. This diminishes nicotine’s pleasurable effects and in turn prevents withdrawal symptoms
dis and ad of bupropion
Useful in diminishing the early effects of withdrawals as it balances the effects of nicotine on the brain, reducing cravings.
May need to be used in conjunction with therapy to see noticeable progress in cigarette dependence.
Some common side effects can include: insomnia, feeling anxious or nervous,
counselling
Counselling provides support and monetization of those struggling with cigarette dependency.
Tackles the psychological problems associated that may cause a smoking addiction.
Can offer various healthy coping mechanisms to people who smoke in response to anxiety.
Will not prevent the physical implications of smoking withdrawal
Depends mostly on participants’ willpower to quit smoking
nrt
This involves substituting the route of administration of nicotine one receives via smoking. It provides users with small amounts of nicotine, which reduces the withdrawal effects after one quits smoking and gradually lessens one’s dependency on the chemical. Provides nicotine without the other harmful chemicals in cigarettes.
nicotine Lozenges
Solid dosages of nicotine that allows its absorption into the bloodstream via the lining of the mouth.
-They are discreet.
- Mouth movements can be used as a distraction when experiencing the urge to smoke.
- Prolonged use can cause: anxiety, irritability, headaches or amplified nicotine cravings.
- Side effects can include: mouth sores, hiccups, nausea, sore throat, headache, heartburn, or dizziness
nicotine inhaler
A small prescription medication device which is used to provide nicotine through inhalation.
- Mimics the action of smoking which helps with urges to experience the physical sensation of smoking.
- Can be used specifically when you think a craving may occur or experience a sudden craving.
-Requires a prescription making it less accessible.
- some side effects include: fast or irregular heartbeat, indigestion, anxiety, trouble sleeping and tightness in chest.
energy released by ATP is used by the cells
for cell growth and repair
for cell divison
for special functions in sepcialised cells
to manufacture complex, biologically important molecules
in active transport to move molecules and ions in and out of the cells through their membranes
Respiration vs Breathing
Chemical vs Mechanical
Produces energy vs uses energy
Uses enzymes vs no enzymes are involved
Intracellular vs Extracellular
Bell jar used
More rigid/stronger similar to the rib cage
Will not trust due to increased pressure
Ruptured diaphragm
Difficultly in exhalation
Coughing and shortness of breath
IF IT WAS BALLONS AND EFFECT ON APPARATUS
It would be difficultly inflating and deflating balloons
