respiration

Question 1

glycolysis

Answer 1

(cytoplasm)
glucose + 2ATP
hexose biphosphate (splits)
2x triosphosphate (phosphate added)
2x triose biphosphate (dehydrogenated & removal of phosphate)
2x pyruvate

Question 2

link reaction

Answer 2

(matrix)
pyruvate is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated (CoA added)
to make acetyl CoA

Question 3

krebs cycle

Answer 3

(matrix)
acetyl co enzyme A joins with oxaloacetate = citrate (6c)
-6c dehydrogenised & decarboxylated
-5c compound formed (dehydrogenised and decarboxylated again)
-4c compound formed (where ATP is formed by CoA+4c)
-4c dehydrogenised again releasing FADH
oxaloacetate reformed

Question 4

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 4

(inner membrane)
-FADH & NADH oxidise back into coenzymes
-Electrons pass down the ETC- releasing energy
-some of this energy is used to pump H+ ions into intermembrane space (electrochemical gradient)
-O2 splits in half and takes H+ to form H2O
-H+ ions flow down gradient to matrix where they pass through ATP synthase = ATP

Question 5

anaerobic respiration

Answer 5

without oxygen, lactate or ethanol

Question 6

obligate anaerobes

Answer 6

prokaryotes that cannot survive in o2

Question 7

faculative anaerobes

Answer 7

synthesise ATP by aerobic respiration if o2 is present (yeast)

Question 8

obligate aerobes

Answer 8

can only synthesise ATP with o2 ( mammals)

Question 9

ethanol fermentation

Answer 9

pyruvate still made from glycolysis
-pyruvate decarboxylated to form ethanal (catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase
-ethanal accepts H+ ions from NADH becoming ETHANOL
-and NADH becomes NAD

Question 10

lactate fermentation (mammals)

Answer 10

lactate dehydrogenase reduces pyruvate to lactate by accepting H+ from NADH = NAD
lactate transported to liver
converted into glycogen to store unless used
ATP required to convert to glucose

Question 11

RQ values

Answer 11

CO2 / O2
glucose = 1
proteins = 0.9
lipids = 0.7