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Biology > Plant and Animal Responses > Flashcards

Plant and Animal Responses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemicals released by an organism which affects the behaviour or physiology of another
eg period sync

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2
Q

Tannins

A

the toxins released as chemical defence

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3
Q

Plants need to respond to external stimuli to

A

Avoid stress
Enhance survival

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4
Q

Tropism

A

Direction growth response

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5
Q

Phototropism

A

Grows Towards light positive

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6
Q

Geotropism

A

Roots move towards gravity

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7
Q

Thigmotropism

A

Response to mechanical stimulation

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8
Q

Chemotropism

A

Response to particular chemicals
(+ or -)

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9
Q

nastic responses

A

Non directional responses

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10
Q

Cytokinins

A

Inhibit leaf senescence (ageing&turning brown)
Promote cell division

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11
Q

Ethene

A

In bananas
Induces fruit ripening
But promotes abscission (leaves dropping)

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12
Q

Abscisic acid

A

Inhibits growth
Promotes seed dormancy & causes stomata to close in response to water stress

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13
Q

Auxins & experimental proof

A

Promote growth in stems
-if apex tip cut off plants will grow side branches with no auxin
-auxin ( no lateral buds)

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14
Q

Giberellins & experimental proof

A

Promote stem elongation and delay senescence (ageing)
-seed germination
dwarf plants didn’t have the enzyme to convert GA20 –> GA1 so limited growth

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15
Q

Apical dominance

A

Main shoot dominates & inhibits the growth of other shoots

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16
Q

climacteric fruit

A

fruit which requires a burst of ethene to ripen

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17
Q

weedkillers

A

-synthetic auxins can be sprayed onto unwanted plants
-causes an increase in metabolism and the growth becomes too much/ unsustainable and plant dies
(simple, cost effective, low toxicity to animals)

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18
Q

growth in meristems

A

Apical meristems- tips or apices of roots or shoots
lateral bud meristems - found in the buds which give rise to side shoots
lateral meristems - forming a cylinder near outside of roots & shoots (get wider)
intercalary meristems - located between nodes, shoot getting longer

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19
Q

Klinostat

A

spins plant slowly to ensure effect of gravity is applied equally to all sides of the plant
-If not switched on then growth only applied to one side

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20
Q

How auxin works

A

Auxin increases the stretchiness of the cell wall by promoting the active transport of H+ by ATPase
- the low pH provides optimum conditions for expansins
-expansins break bonds within the cellulose & disrupt hydrogen bonds
Walls become less rigid, can expand and take water in

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21
Q

Auxins in geotropic responses

A

When plant lying flat - auxin gathers on lower side and therefore upper side continues to grow bending upwards
(concentrations that stimulate shoot growth, inhibit root growth)

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22
Q

stimulus

A

change in environment

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23
Q

motor neuron

A

brain to effector

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24
Q

sensory neuron

A

detect stimulus

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25
Q

relay / intermediate neuron

A

sensory to motor

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26
Q

grey matter in brain

A

lots of non-myelinated

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27
Q

white matter

A

myelinated

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28
Q

Somatic nervous system ( external environment)

A

-Voluntary
-most neurons myelinated
-connection to effectors consists of only one neuron
-input from sense organs

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29
Q

Autonomic nervous system ( internal environment)

A

-involuntary
-connections to effectors (neurons connect at ganglion)
2 types
sympathetic or parasympathetic

30
Q

sympathetic

A

Fight or flight response
-heart rate increases
-pupils dilate
-increased ventilation rate

31
Q

parasympathetic

A

Rest & digest response
-heart rate decreases
-pupils constrict
effectors - sexual arousal

32
Q

cerebellum

A

-movement
-balance
-posture

33
Q

Medulla oblangata

A
  • controls autonomic nervous system
34
Q

cerebrum

A
  • speech
    -memory
    -learning
35
Q

Reflex actions

A

-involuntary responses to sensory stimuli
-immediate
-not learnt
-brain NOT involved
-fast

36
Q

neurons in reflex

A

sensory- receptor to CNS (spinal cord)
motor- spinal cord to effector
relay - sensory to motor

37
Q

Reflex examples

A

cranial reflex –> goes through brain but does not require thought
optical reflex –> response to light
-used to see if patients are brain dead
Knee jerk reflex –> sensory to motor (no relay)

38
Q

Overriding a reflex

A
  • a side branch of the sensory neuron goes to the brain
    -send out inhibitors to block the pain signals
39
Q

Tactic response (taxes)

A

Directional response
-directed by a stimulus

40
Q

Kinetic response (kinesis)

A

Non- directional
-alteration to the rate of movement

41
Q

Coordination of sympathetic nervous system

A

Hypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system which activates adrenal medulla and releases adrenaline & noradrenaline into blood
Hypothalamus also stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release CRF
pituitary secretes ACTH which arrives at adrenal cortex and releases approx 30 hormones

42
Q

Mechanism of adrenaline action

A

Adrenaline binds to receptor on plasma membrane
-This stimulates adenyl cyclase
-adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
-cAMP causes effect inside cell by activating enzyme action (kinase A)
Glycogen to glucose

43
Q

Why does heart rate change

A

-During exercise (varying oxygen demands)
-Remove CO2 from blood as HCO3 forms
(cells denature)

44
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

-Cone shaped neuronal mass
-involuntary actions
2 centres (increases HR & decreases HR)

45
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

detect chemical changes in blood
-found in walls of carotid arteries (that serve brain)
- CO2 could cause pH change

46
Q

Baroreceptors

A

detect pressure changes in blood
-Found in walls of carotid arteries & aorta

47
Q

A band

A

Actin and myosin

48
Q

I band

A

Actin band only
Thin

49
Q

Z lines

A

lines at either end of sarcomere

50
Q

H zone

A

Myosin only

51
Q

Structure of muscle

A

Myofibrils - threads that are very weak
Muscle fibres - string, myofibrils together much stronger
Bundle of muscle - thin rope
Whole muscle - thick rope

52
Q

Sarcoplasm & sarcolemma

A

Shared cytoplasm
shared membrane

53
Q

2 types of protein filaments

A

Actin- 2 strands coiled together
Myosin- thicker with numbed heads

54
Q

Cholinergic synapse

A

acetylcholine is neurotransmitter
excitatory OR inhibitory
Action potential propagated
ACH binds to receptors on synapse

55
Q

Neurotransmitter junction

A

Transmission between neurons and effector
Action potential ends
Excitatory ONLY

56
Q

adenyl cyclase in liver cells

A

catalyses the synthesis of cAMP from ATP
cAMP then catalyses the enzyme to break down glycogen to glucose

57
Q

abiotic stress

A

a non living environmental factor that could harm a plant
eg drought

58
Q

how do plants respond to abiotic stress

A

may produce antifreeze enzymes
may contain bitter tasting alkaloids

59
Q

how s leaf loss in deciduous trees controlled

A

as they age cytokinin and auxin levels lower
trigger production of cellulase enzymes
which weaken leaves in abscission layer

60
Q

why roots show positive geotropism

A

gravity causes IAA to accumulate on lower side of the root
IAA inhibits the elongation of root cells
cells on upper side of the root elongate faster
therefore roots point downwards

61
Q

commercial uses of cytokinins and auxins

A

prevents yellowing of lettuce leaves
rooting powder, growing seedless fruit, herbicides

62
Q

how are gibberellins and ethene used commercially

A

delay senescence in citrus, increase sugar cane yield
speeds up ripening, promotes fruit drop and lateral growth

63
Q

mammalian nervous system

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord
peripheral - voluntary(somatic) and autonomic
2 autonomic routes ( sympathetic and parasympathetic)

64
Q

human brain structure

A

parietal lobe - top of brain (movement, orientation, memory, recognition
Occipital lobe - back of the brain, visual cortex, processes signals from the eye
Temporal lobe - beneath the temples, processes auditory signals

65
Q

cerebellum function

A

Movement, balance, coordination, speech

66
Q

medulla oblangata function

A

breathing and heart rate

67
Q

cerebrum

A

divided into lobes which control voluntary functions
movement speech thought

68
Q

hypothalamus

A

included anterior pituitary gland
-secretes metabolic and reproductive hormones
involved in thermo and osmoregulation

69
Q

knee jerk reflex

A

stretch mediated receptors
-impulse travels to sensory then to motor (NO INTERNEURON)

70
Q

3 types of muscle

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

71
Q

how is muscle contraction stimulated

A

neuromusclular junction, action potential
-voltage gated Ca 2+ ion channels open
-vesicles move towards and fuse with presynaptic membrane
exocytosis of acetylcholine which diffuses across synaptic cleft
Ach binds to receptors on Na + channel proteins on skeletal muscles
depolarisation

Biology (22 decks)

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