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Biology > Plant and Animal Responses > Flashcards

Plant and Animal Responses Flashcards

1
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemicals released by an organism which affects the behaviour or physiology of another
eg period sync

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2
Q

Tannins

A

the toxins released as chemical defence

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3
Q

Plants need to respond to external stimuli to

A

Avoid stress
Enhance survival

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4
Q

Tropism

A

Direction growth response

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5
Q

Phototropism

A

Grows Towards light positive

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6
Q

Geotropism

A

Roots move towards gravity

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7
Q

Thigmotropism

A

Response to mechanical stimulation

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8
Q

Chemotropism

A

Response to particular chemicals
(+ or -)

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9
Q

nastic responses

A

Non directional responses

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10
Q

Cytokinins

A

Inhibit leaf senescence (ageing&turning brown)
Promote cell division

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11
Q

Ethene

A

In bananas
Induces fruit ripening
But promotes abscission (leaves dropping)

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12
Q

Abscisic acid

A

Inhibits growth
Promotes seed dormancy & causes stomata to close in response to water stress

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13
Q

Auxins & experimental proof

A

Promote growth in stems
-if apex tip cut off plants will grow side branches with no auxin
-auxin ( no lateral buds)

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14
Q

Giberellins & experimental proof

A

Promote stem elongation and delay senescence (ageing)
-seed germination
dwarf plants didn’t have the enzyme to convert GA20 –> GA1 so limited growth

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15
Q

Apical dominance

A

Main shoot dominates & inhibits the growth of other shoots

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16
Q

climacteric fruit

A

fruit which requires a burst of ethene to ripen

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17
Q

weedkillers

A

-synthetic auxins can be sprayed onto unwanted plants
-causes an increase in metabolism and the growth becomes too much/ unsustainable and plant dies
(simple, cost effective, low toxicity to animals)

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18
Q

growth in meristems

A

Apical meristems- tips or apices of roots or shoots
lateral bud meristems - found in the buds which give rise to side shoots
lateral meristems - forming a cylinder near outside of roots & shoots (get wider)
intercalary meristems - located between nodes, shoot getting longer

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19
Q

Klinostat

A

spins plant slowly to ensure effect of gravity is applied equally to all sides of the plant
-If not switched on then growth only applied to one side

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20
Q

How auxin works

A

Auxin increases the stretchiness of the cell wall by promoting the active transport of H+ by ATPase
- the low pH provides optimum conditions for expansins
-expansins break bonds within the cellulose & disrupt hydrogen bonds
Walls become less rigid, can expand and take water in

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21
Q

Auxins in geotropic responses

A

When plant lying flat - auxin gathers on lower side and therefore upper side continues to grow bending upwards
(concentrations that stimulate shoot growth, inhibit root growth)

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22
Q

stimulus

A

change in environment

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23
Q

motor neuron

A

brain to effector

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24
Q

sensory neuron

A

detect stimulus

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25
relay / intermediate neuron
sensory to motor
26
grey matter in brain
lots of non-myelinated
27
white matter
myelinated
28
Somatic nervous system ( external environment)
-Voluntary -most neurons myelinated -connection to effectors consists of only one neuron -input from sense organs
29
Autonomic nervous system ( internal environment)
-involuntary -connections to effectors (neurons connect at ganglion) 2 types sympathetic or parasympathetic
30
sympathetic
Fight or flight response -heart rate increases -pupils dilate -increased ventilation rate
31
parasympathetic
Rest & digest response -heart rate decreases -pupils constrict effectors - sexual arousal
32
cerebellum
-movement -balance -posture
33
Medulla oblangata
- controls autonomic nervous system
34
cerebrum
- speech -memory -learning
35
Reflex actions
-involuntary responses to sensory stimuli -immediate -not learnt -brain NOT involved -fast
36
neurons in reflex
sensory- receptor to CNS (spinal cord) motor- spinal cord to effector relay - sensory to motor
37
Reflex examples
cranial reflex --> goes through brain but does not require thought optical reflex --> response to light -used to see if patients are brain dead Knee jerk reflex --> sensory to motor (no relay)
38
Overriding a reflex
- a side branch of the sensory neuron goes to the brain -send out inhibitors to block the pain signals
39
Tactic response (taxes)
Directional response -directed by a stimulus
40
Kinetic response (kinesis)
Non- directional -alteration to the rate of movement
41
Coordination of sympathetic nervous system
Hypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system which activates adrenal medulla and releases adrenaline & noradrenaline into blood Hypothalamus also stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release CRF pituitary secretes ACTH which arrives at adrenal cortex and releases approx 30 hormones
42
Mechanism of adrenaline action
Adrenaline binds to receptor on plasma membrane -This stimulates adenyl cyclase -adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP -cAMP causes effect inside cell by activating enzyme action (kinase A) Glycogen to glucose
43
Why does heart rate change
-During exercise (varying oxygen demands) -Remove CO2 from blood as HCO3 forms (cells denature)
44
Medulla Oblongata
-Cone shaped neuronal mass -involuntary actions 2 centres (increases HR & decreases HR)
45
Chemoreceptors
detect chemical changes in blood -found in walls of carotid arteries (that serve brain) - CO2 could cause pH change
46
Baroreceptors
detect pressure changes in blood -Found in walls of carotid arteries & aorta
47
A band
Actin and myosin
48
I band
Actin band only Thin
49
Z lines
lines at either end of sarcomere
50
H zone
Myosin only
51
Structure of muscle
Myofibrils - threads that are very weak Muscle fibres - string, myofibrils together much stronger Bundle of muscle - thin rope Whole muscle - thick rope
52
Sarcoplasm & sarcolemma
Shared cytoplasm shared membrane
53
2 types of protein filaments
Actin- 2 strands coiled together Myosin- thicker with numbed heads
54
Cholinergic synapse
acetylcholine is neurotransmitter excitatory OR inhibitory Action potential propagated ACH binds to receptors on synapse
55
Neurotransmitter junction
Transmission between neurons and effector Action potential ends Excitatory ONLY
56
adenyl cyclase in liver cells
catalyses the synthesis of cAMP from ATP cAMP then catalyses the enzyme to break down glycogen to glucose
57
abiotic stress
a non living environmental factor that could harm a plant eg drought
58
how do plants respond to abiotic stress
may produce antifreeze enzymes may contain bitter tasting alkaloids
59
how s leaf loss in deciduous trees controlled
as they age cytokinin and auxin levels lower trigger production of cellulase enzymes which weaken leaves in abscission layer
60
why roots show positive geotropism
gravity causes IAA to accumulate on lower side of the root IAA inhibits the elongation of root cells cells on upper side of the root elongate faster therefore roots point downwards
61
commercial uses of cytokinins and auxins
prevents yellowing of lettuce leaves rooting powder, growing seedless fruit, herbicides
62
how are gibberellins and ethene used commercially
delay senescence in citrus, increase sugar cane yield speeds up ripening, promotes fruit drop and lateral growth
63
mammalian nervous system
CNS - brain and spinal cord peripheral - voluntary(somatic) and autonomic 2 autonomic routes ( sympathetic and parasympathetic)
64
human brain structure
parietal lobe - top of brain (movement, orientation, memory, recognition Occipital lobe - back of the brain, visual cortex, processes signals from the eye Temporal lobe - beneath the temples, processes auditory signals
65
cerebellum function
Movement, balance, coordination, speech
66
medulla oblangata function
breathing and heart rate
67
cerebrum
divided into lobes which control voluntary functions movement speech thought
68
hypothalamus
included anterior pituitary gland -secretes metabolic and reproductive hormones involved in thermo and osmoregulation
69
knee jerk reflex
stretch mediated receptors -impulse travels to sensory then to motor (NO INTERNEURON)
70
3 types of muscle
skeletal cardiac smooth
71
how is muscle contraction stimulated
neuromusclular junction, action potential -voltage gated Ca 2+ ion channels open -vesicles move towards and fuse with presynaptic membrane exocytosis of acetylcholine which diffuses across synaptic cleft Ach binds to receptors on Na + channel proteins on skeletal muscles depolarisation

Biology (22 decks)

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