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Biology > neuronal communication > Flashcards

neuronal communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nervous system components

A

-Sensory receptors
-neurones
-synapses
-CNS
-effectors

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2
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Convert energy of stimulus to electrical energy (transducers)
-specialised cells that detect changes in stimuli

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3
Q

Receptor cells stimulated

A

When receptor stimulated potential difference occurs (resting potential)

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4
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

they are mechanoreceptors that detect MECHANICAL stimuli (pressure, vibrations)

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5
Q

Types of energy conversion

A

Retina - light to electrical
Ear - kinetic to electrical
Muscles - kinetic to electrical

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6
Q

Nerve impulses stages

A

-stimulus
-threshold
-depolarisation
(+35mv)
-action potential reached
-repolarisation
-refractory period

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7
Q

Threshold

A

Between -50mv & -55mv

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8
Q

Depolarisation

A

once threshold is reached the voltage gated sodium ion channels open
-more sodium ions diffuse into neuron
-membrane becomes depolarised

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9
Q

Action potential

A

between +30mv & +40mv
-sodium channels close and potassium gates open
all or nothing, if nerve impulse does not reach threshold nothing will happen

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10
Q

Repolarisation

A

membrane is now more permeable to potassium so they diffuse down conc gradient out of membrane
back towards RESTING POTENTIAL
negatively charged on inside

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11
Q

Refractory period

A

potassium ion channels take a while to close so we go past resting potential (too many move out)
p.d becomes more negative
sodium potassium pump returns it back to normal

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12
Q

Synapse functions

A

A junction between a neuron and another neuron or an effector cell
– Act as junctions
-Filter out low level stimuli

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13
Q

Synaptic bulb

A

A swelling at the end of the presynaptic membrane
-many mitochondria
-smooth ER
-vesicles with acetylcholine

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14
Q

Transmission across synaptic cleft

A

-action potential arrives
-voltage gated calcium ion channels open (on presynaptic)
-calcium ions move into presynaptic bulb
-ca2+ ions cause vesicles containing acetylcholine to move to presynaptic membrane
-vesicles fuse & release AC into synaptic cleft
-AC diffuses across to postsynaptic membrane
-AC binds to receptors
-causes sodium ion channels to open (causing threshold etc)

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15
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Enzyme found in synaptic cleft
-hydrolyses acetylcholine into ethanoic acid & choline
-choline taken back to presynaptic membrane to reform acetylcholine

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16
Q

Spatial summation

A

2 or more presynaptic neurons converge to release onto 1 post synaptic neuron

17
Q

Termporal summation

A

1 neuron sending 2 or more nerve impulses to postsynaptic neuron
-more chance of action potential to be reached
(multiple signals, 1 response)

18
Q

Acclimation

A

Prevent overstimulation & fatigue
-Memory (formation of new neuronal pathways

19
Q

sensory neuron

A

transmit nerve impulses from receptor to CNS

20
Q

relay neuron

A

transmit nerve impulses between sensory neurons and motor neurons

21
Q

motor neurons

A

transmit nerve impulses from CNS to effectors

22
Q

structure of sensory neuron

A

cell body central but NOT in axon
-short axon
-short dendrites

23
Q

structure of relay neuron

A

cell body central IN axon
-short dendrites
-one axon

24
Q

structure of a motor neuron

A

cell body at end of axon
-short dendrites
-one long axon

25
Q

myelinated neurons

A

myelinated sheath - wrapped shwann cells
-gaps every 1-3mm - nodes of ranvier
-speeds up impulse as impulse jumps from node to node
(saltatory conduction)

26
Q

non-myelinated neurons

A

Still has shwann cells but they DONT wrap around
-slower impulses than myelinated as impulse has to move across entire neuron

27
Q

Effect of temp on speed of conduction

A

-Temp, increases kinetic energy (sodium ions diffuse quicker)
- more likely to collide successfully with active site

28
Q

Effect of axon diameter on speed of conduction

A

larger = faster impulses

Biology (22 decks)

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