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Biology > Exchange and Transport > Flashcards

Exchange and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Discotyledan

A
  • 2 seed leaves
  • xylem and phloem in vascular bundles
  • schlerenchyma for strength and support
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2
Q

3 pathways of water in plants

A

Apoplast- water passes through spaces in cell walls (mass flow)
Symplast-water enters via cytoplasm(travels to next cell thru plasmodesmata
Vacuolar- like symplast but thru vacuole (osmosis)

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3
Q

Water potential

A

wp= tendency of water molecules to move from high water potential to low water potential
cell in pure water (0) = turgid
cell in sugar solution= water moves out
flaccid then plasmodysed

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4
Q

Transpiration

A 
Loss of water vapour from the stomata in the upper part of the plant (usually leaves)
\+provides water for photosynthesis 
\+transports minerals&ions 
\+maintains cell turgidity
\+gives water to cool down on hot day
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5
Q

Pathway of transpiration

A

Water—>xylem—>spongy mesophyll cells (osmosis)

  • Water vapour formed in mesophyll spaces & apoplast pathway
  • water evaporates off sm
  • Vapour diffuses thru stomata
  • moves along wp gradient
  • water vapour inside>wv outside
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6
Q

Factors affecting transpiration

A
  • light intensity
  • temp
  • humidity
  • wind air movement
  • thick cuticle
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7
Q

Potometer

A

-leafy shoot freshly cut
-coloured dye (see air bubble)
-set up under water
-lift up to get air bubble
Control- type of leaves, volume of water

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8
Q

how water moves up stem

A

Root pressure- endodermis moving minerals in
Transpiration pull- water molecules attracted to eachother (cohesion)
Capillary action- (adhesion) water molecules attracted to side of xylem pulling the water in

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9
Q

marram grass

A

Leaf rolled to trap air inside

  • thick waxy cuticle
  • hair on lower surface reduce air movement
  • stomata are in pits (trap moisture)
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10
Q

Xerophytes

A

plants adapted to prevent water loss
-cells have low water potential (salty)
so water fills back up
-dense spongy mesophyll (less SA for evaporation

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11
Q

Succulents

A
  • store water in stem
  • leaves reduced to spines (less SA)
  • stem green (photosynthesis)
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12
Q

Hydrophytes

A

plants that live in water

  • large air spaces in leaf (keep afloat)
  • stomata on upper epidermis to get sunlight
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13
Q

How do hydrophytes transpire

A

Have hydathodes in tips or margins of leaves

-can release water droplets which may then evaporate on leaf surface

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14
Q

Xylem features

A
  • lignin impregnates the cell (strength)
  • waterproof
  • long column of dead cells (hollow)
  • stops column collapsing
  • spiral (broken rings)
  • 2 way
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15
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of sugars and assimilates in plant (sucrose)

  • transported in phloem
  • source —> sink
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16
Q

Phloem

A

transports sucrose & amino acids in phloem tissue

  • made of sieve tubes and companion cell
  • one way
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17
Q

Companion cells

A
  • in between sieve tubes
  • large vacuole (keep turgid)
  • dense cytoplasm
  • many mitochondria (produce ATP) for active transport
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18
Q

Sieve tube elements

A
  • used for mass flow of sap
  • no nucleus or cytoplasm
  • sieve tube plates at end
  • thin walls (short dp)
  • callose will block tube if infection occurs
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19
Q

Importance of transpiration

A
  • transports water & minerals around plant
  • maintains cell turgidity
  • supplies water for growth & elongation
  • on hot days evaporation gives water supply to cool down
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20
Q

Active loading

A

ATP splits forming H+ ions
which actively transports out of companion cell to tissue
-the H+ ions pick up sucrose (co transport)
-the sugar is brought back in by facilitated diffusion (conc grad)
- then diffuses through plasmodesmata into sieve tube

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21
Q

Factors influencing need for transport system

A
  • size (diffusion pathway increased)
  • SA:Vol (more area to diffuse)
  • level of metabolic activity (requires more energy)
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22
Q

Features of a good transport system

A
  • fluid or medium to carry nutrients
  • pump to create pressure (pushing fluid)
  • exchange surfaces (enable substances to enter and leave)
23
Q

adv of double circulation

A

Fish-blood pressure drops as it passes thru tiny capillaries
Mammals-blood pressure must not be too high in pulmonary (damage lung capillaries)
-heart can increase pressure after passed thru lungs

24
Q

Double circulatory system

A

Heart —> body —> heart —>lungs —> heart

25
Q

Arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart
  • thick walls (high pressure)
  • carry oxygenated (apart from pulmonary artery)
26
Q

Arterioles

A

Small blood vessels that distribute blood out to capillaries from artery

  • layer of smooth muscle
  • contraction restricts diameter of arteriolar
27
Q

Capillaries

A
  • very thin walls
  • lumen narrow
  • walls have single layer of flattened endothelial cells
  • walls are leaky
28
Q

Venules

A

Bloods flows into venules from capillaries

-thin layers of muscle and elastic tissue & thin outer layer of Collagen

29
Q

veins

A
  • carry blood back to heart
  • thin walls(carries blood under low pressure)
  • lumen relatively large
  • contains valves (prevent backflow)
30
Q

Open vs closed circulatory system

A

Open- means that blood is not always held in blood vessels, instead blood flows thru body cavity (tissues bathed in blood)
Closed-larger animals blood stays entirely inside blood vessels ( tissue fluid bathes the tissues)
+higher pressure
+more rapid delivery of O2

31
Q

Movement of fluids

A

arteriole–>venule
-hydrostatic pressure highest at arteriole end
this causes the water to move out of vessel
-oncotic pressure puling water into

32
Q

lymph system

A
  • drains excess tissue fluid out of tissues and returns it to the blood system
  • lymph fluid contains lymphocytes produces in lymph nodes
33
Q

external features of heart

A

-cardiac muscle- myogenic
-coronary arteries lie over surface of heart and supply oxygenated blood to heart muscle
if this is restricted then could cause CHD,angina etc

34
Q

Cardiac motions

A

Atrial systole- atria contract pushing blood into ventricles
ventricular systole-ventricles contract pushing blood out of heart
diastole- muscle relaxes allowing atria to fill

35
Q

Wave of excitation

A

SAN (sinoatrial node) sends electrical impulses –AVN (atrioventricular node) – through branches in bundle of his – then to purkyne fibres

36
Q

bicarbonate buffer system

A

-CO2 diffuses out of tissue into blood
-CO2 combines with water= carbonic acid
(sped up by carbonic anhydrase)
-this dissociates to H+ & HCO3-
-HCO3 ions diffuse out of RBC
-maintain PH chloride shift into RBC
-Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates by H+ions
-H+ ions join with haemoglobin =HHb
-Oxygen released into blood

37
Q

bohr effect

A

to the right on the graph

- when theres more CO2 the haemoglobin becomes less saturated with oxygen

38
Q

fetal haemoglobin

A

-shift to left of graph
fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin
-this is because fetal haemoglobin must be able to associate to oxygen where oxygen tension is low enough to make adult haemoglobin release oxygen

39
Q

factors effecting the need for an exchange system

A
  • size
  • SA:V ratio
  • level of activity
40
Q

features of good exchange surface

A
  • good bloody supply
  • thin walls(short diffusion pathway)
  • large SA:V ratio
41
Q

inhalation

A
  • diaphragm contracts (flattens)
  • external intercostal muscles contract & raise ribs
  • volume of chest cavity increases
  • pressure in chest cavity decreases
  • air moves into lungs
42
Q

exhalation

A
  • diaphragm relaxes (pushed up)
  • external intercostal muscles relax & ribs fall
  • volume of chest cavity decreases
  • pressure in chest cavity increases
  • air moves out
43
Q

alveoli adaptations

A
  • squamous epithelium
  • short diff pathway
  • elastic tissues stretch during inspiration & recoil during expiration
44
Q

airways

A
  • trachea has cartilage to prevent collapse (C&D shaped rings
  • mucus made from goblet cells
45
Q

tissues in the bronchus

A
  • ciliated cells
  • goblet cells
  • smooth muscle cells
  • chondrocytes in cartilage
46
Q

spirometer

A 
-measures lung volumes 
precautions
-subject should be healthy
-soda lime needs to be fresh
-needs to be clinical grade O2
-water chamber not overfilled
47
Q

Bony fish

A

-use gills to absorb O2 from water
each gill has 2 rows of gill filaments-primary lamellae
filaments are thin & folded into secondary lamallae= large SA

48
Q

ventilation in bony fish

A 
floor of mouth moves down
-water drawn into buccal cavity
-mouth closes
-floor is raised
-water pushed thru gills
-operculum moves outwards
movement reduces pressure in operculum cavity (helping water flow)
49
Q

countercurrent flow in bony fish

A

-blood flows along gill arch and out along fillaments to secondary lamallae
-the blood then flows thru cappilaries in the opposite direction to the flow of water over lamallae
to absorb the max amount of oxygen from the water

50
Q

insects tracheal system

A

-air enters via spiracles the air is transported thru tubes called trachaeae
-these divide into smaller tubes called tracheoles
the tracheoles are filled with tracheal fluid

51
Q

insect adaptations

A

locusts can alter the size of their abdomen by specialised breathing movements
some insects move the wings to alter the size of the thorax

52
Q

multicellular organsims need for transport system

A

demand for oxygen is high for aerobic respiration
high metabolic rates as large in size

53
Q

tissue fluid

A

watery substance containing glucose, amino acids, oxygen delivered to cells whilst removing waste

54
Q

formation of tissue fluid

A

hydrostatic pressure (highest at arteriole end) pushes nutrients out
oncotic pressure (brings fluid back in waste)
after tissue fluid has bathed in cells becomes lymph fluid

Biology (22 decks)

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