cloning and biotech

Question 1

biotechnology

Answer 1

industrial use of living organisms, or parts of living organisms, to
produce food, drugs or other products.

Question 2

vegetative propagation

Answer 2

type of natural plant cloning
-asexual reproduction where offspring genetically identical to the parent
It occurs when a plant
body part is separated, and then develops into a new plant
cuttings of a plant

Question 3

tissue culture

Answer 3

type of artificial cloning
where an explant is taken from the
shoot tip of the plant to be cloned and placed on a nutrient rich growth medium.
will divide by mitosis and form callus
callus removed and placed on a growth medium with plant horomes

Question 4

micropropagation

Answer 4

callus produced by placing explant in nutrient rich medium
callus transferred to another medium with essential growth regulators
after plantlet formed it is aclimatised
–> used to produce plants that are difficult to grow from seeds

Question 5

nuclear transfer

Answer 5

where offspring genetically identical to parent are produced
–> a differentiated cell with nucleus is taken from the parent and fused with
an enucleated egg cell
- the cell then
divides and is implanted into the womb of a surrogate mother.

Question 6

embryo splitting

Answer 6

Embryo splitting where cells from a developing embryo are separated to produce
two genetically identical organisms

Question 7

advantages of artificial animal cloning

Answer 7

quick cloning
preserve endangered species

Question 8

disadvantages of artificial animal cloning

Answer 8

no variaton, disease could wipe out whole population

Question 9

use of microorganisms

Answer 9

-brewing
-cheese making
-penicillin production

Question 10

lag phase

Answer 10

microorganisms are adjusting to environment
population remains constant

Question 11

exponential log phase

Answer 11

where pop size grows exponentially
every division doubles population size

Question 12

stationary phase

Answer 12

population size reaches maximum due to decreasing nutrient levels and build up of toxins
death rate is matching birth rate

Question 13

decline phase

Answer 13

death of organisms due to lack of nutrients and high toxin levels
death rate higher than birth rate

Question 14

batch culture

Answer 14

fermentation carried out in a closed fermenter
-microorganisms and nutrients added, left to grow for period of time
+if contamination occurs only batch is affected
+easier to set up
- slower growth rate

Question 15

continuous culture

Answer 15

takes place in open fermenter
nutrients are continuously added and products removed at steady rate

Question 16

immobilised enzymes

Answer 16

enzymes with restricted mobility and are attached to insoluble material

Question 17

adsorption

Answer 17

where enzyme bind to a support through hydrophobic and ionic
interactions

Question 18

covalent bonding

Answer 18

where enzymes covalently bind to a support with the help of a
cross linking agent

Question 19

entrapment

Answer 19

where enzymes are trapped in a semi permeable material such as gel beads which allow for passage of substrate and product only