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Biology > Cellular Control > Flashcards

Cellular Control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mutation

A

Random change to the structure or quantity of DNA
-gene or chromosome mutation

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2
Q

gene mutation

A

Change to one or more bases
-change to order of bases
-can happen during DNA replication

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3
Q

Chromosome mutation

A

Polyploidy- change in whole set
Non disjunction- when homologous pairs don’t separate

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4
Q

Chemicals as mutagens

A

Tar in tobacco smoke

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5
Q

Point mutations

A

Substitution of one base pair

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6
Q

Indel mutations

A

One or more nucleotides are inserted of deleted
cause frame shift
code for different amino acids

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7
Q

Nonsense

A

Result in STOP codon
Polypeptide chain becomes truncated

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8
Q

Missense

A

Different amino acid formed
-altering shape
-prevents it carrying out its function
will change all polypeptide sequence

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9
Q

Silent

A

No effect as code may still code for same amino acid
-polypeptide still carries out normal function

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10
Q

Lac operon

A

length of DNA made from structural genes and control sites
Structural gene –> codes for protein
Control sites -> operator and promoter region of DNA

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11
Q

how can mRNA be modified post translation

A

Activation of proteins like adrenaline
when adrenaline is activated it causes the synthesis of cAMP from ATP
causes further enzyme reactions which activates the protein

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12
Q

how can mRNA be modified after transcription

A

introns spliced out
primary mRNA modified to mature mRNA
to prepare for translation

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13
Q

promotor region

A

binding site for RNA polymerase

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14
Q

operator region

A

repressor protein binds to prevent RNA from binding to transcribe genes

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15
Q

beta galactosidase (Z)

A

hydrolyses lactose into galactose and glucose

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16
Q

lactose permease (Y)

A

protein that becomes embedded in e coli membrane
helps transport more lactose into cell

17
Q

regulatory gene (I)

A

produces the mRNA
can limit mRNA production to stop transcription / translation of genes

18
Q

if lactose present

A

mRNA produced
Repressor protein made
lactose binds to repressor protein
forms an inducer repressor complex
therefore moves away from operator region
RNA polymerase CAN bind
Z&Y turned on

19
Q

if no lactose

A

mRNA transcribed at ribosome (makes repressor)
repressor protein binds to operator region (covering P)
RNA polymerase CANNOT bind to promotor
Z&Y turned off

20
Q

Transcription factors

A

In eukaryotic cells
proteins or short RNA which bind to promotor regions of DNA
AID or INHIBIT the attachment of RNA polymerase

21
Q

exons

A

coding regions

22
Q

introns

A

non-coding regions
can be spliced out
mutations in introns do not make a difference

23
Q

Homeobox genes

A

genes whose activity switches a whole set of other genes on or off
controls an organisms body plan
code for production of transcription factors
(regulatory gene) in animals plants and fungi
CAN BE FATAL

24
Q

homeobox acting as tumor suppressor cells

A

they prevent cells from dividing too rapidly

25
Q

mutations in hox group

A

limb malformation

26
Q

mutations in pax

A

eye deformations

27
Q

what do homeobox genes do

A

make sure body plan is correct as mutations in this could be lethal
if head grows in the wrong place the organism cannot function properly
Very important
Been very little change in homeobox genes

28
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
also helps body plan as cells can be killed off to form body parts
eg tadpoles tail is removed through apoptosis to form frog
can keep cell division constant and can prevent cancers forming

29
Q

Process of apoptosis

A

Enzyme breaks cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm become dense with tightly packed organelles
Cell surface membrane changes (blebs form)
Chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope breaks (DNA breaks into fragments
Cell breaks into vesicles digested by phagocycotic cells

30
Q

how is development caused by homeobox genes

A

They code for transcription factors that activate genes when needed for development of body plan in eg zygote
Their sequences are similar in plants and animals

31
Q

how is development caused by mitosis

A

Primary mechanism of growth
genes regulating growth respond to stimuli internal or external to control growth

32
Q

how is gene expression regulated at transcription level

A

Transcription factors these are genes that can either inhibit or initiate transcription of genes so that only certain parts of DNA are expressed

33
Q

how is gene expression regulated at post transcriptional level

A

introns spliced out produce mature mRNA ready for translation

Biology (22 decks)

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