hormonal communication

Question 1

endocrine gland

Answer 1

secretes its product directly into blood ( lymph)

Question 2

target cells

Answer 2

possess a specific receptor on cell surface membrane, complementary hormone

Question 3

exocrine gland

Answer 3

secretes its products in a duct

Question 4

endocrine system

Answer 4

group of glands that release hormones into blood

Question 5

eg of glands

Answer 5

pituitary gland - LH & FSH
pancreas - insulin

Question 6

protein hormones

Answer 6

INSOLUBLE over bilayer
-bind to cell surface and release as secondary messenger inside cell
(Enzyme catalyses second messenger)

Question 7

steriod hormones

Answer 7

can pass through the membrane & enter cell and nucleus
-has an effect on DNA in the nucleus

Question 8

adrenaline

Answer 8

hormone released from adrenal glands
-stimulates breakdown of proteins & fats into glucose
-increases blood volume and pressure
-uses cholesterol to produce steroid hormones when stressed

Question 9

adrenal glands

Answer 9

Found on top of kidneys
-each gland has outer layer (cortex)
-good blood supply - to transport adrenaline straight into blood

Question 10

adrenal cortex

Answer 10

zona glomerolusa (outer layer)
secretes mineral orcoticoids eg aldosterone (that regulates blood pressure)

Question 11

adrenal medulla

Answer 11

secretes adrenaline and nor-adrenaline in response to stress
short term response - increased HR and BR
increased rate of glycogen breakdown into glucose
nor-adrenaline is just always in circulation and work together to increase HR

Question 12

3 regions of adrenal gland

Answer 12

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata - middle layer secretes glucorticoids (cortisol increases sugar levels)
zona reticularis (inner layer) secretes precursor molecules (androgens -sex hormones)

Question 13

pancreas

Answer 13

gland found below stomach
made of 2 cell types ( alpha & beta)

Question 14

hypoglycemia

Answer 14

low blood sugar

Question 15

hyperglycemia

Answer 15

high blood sugar

Question 16

when low blood sugar

Answer 16

alpha cells in islets of langerhans detect low sugar level
alpha cells then secrete glucagon
target cells in liver have a receptor for glucagon where glycogenolysis occurs to produce more glucose into the blood

Question 17

when high blood sugar

Answer 17

beta cells in the islets of langerhans detect high sugar level
beta cells then secrete insulin
insulin binds to receptors on liver
(tyrosine kinase activated)
glycogenesis occurs to reduce glucose level

Question 18

type 1 diabetes symptoms

Answer 18

hyperglycemia
-excretion of glucose in urine
-excessive thirst and hunger
-weight loss

Question 19

type 1 diabetes

Answer 19

auto-immune disease
body doesnt produce insulin
treatments = pancreas transplant, healthy balanced diet, excercise

Question 20

type 2 diabetes

Answer 20

body doesnt react to insulin
insulin is still produced
linked with obesity
normally acquired later in life

Question 21

type 2 diabetes treatments

Answer 21

medication to either increase insulin release or make the beta cells more sensitive to insulin