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Medical Phys II > Resp Patho > Flashcards

Resp Patho Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

In obstructive pulmonary disorders, do inspiration or expiration require more force?

A

Expiration

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2
Q

Unifying symptom of obstructive pulmonary disorder

A

Dyspnea

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3
Q

Unifying sign of obstructive pulmonary disorder

A

Wheezing

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4
Q

3 most common obstructive pulmonary disorders

A

Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
emphysema

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5
Q

What 2 disorders fall under chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A

Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema

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6
Q

What is tidal volume (TV) of a normal individual?

A

400-800 ml

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7
Q

How many breaths per minute is normal?

A

8-16

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8
Q

How is normal breathing described?

A

Rhythmic and effortless

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9
Q

What is when there is inadequate alveolar ventilation ?

A

Hypoventilation

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10
Q

What is when there is excessive alveolar ventilation?

A

Hyperventilation

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11
Q

When can a person enter a state of acidosis?

A

Hypoventilation

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12
Q

What is a reflex to clear airways? (larynx area)

A

Cough

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13
Q

What is selective bulbous enlargement at the end of a digit?

A

Clubbing

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14
Q

What are the 3 diseases that are obstruction from conditions in the wall of the lumen?

A

Asthma
Acute Bronchitis
Chronic Bronchitis

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15
Q

What disorder has a chronic, constant, inflammation in the airway?

A

Asthma

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16
Q

What is the major pathological feature of asthma?

A

Inflammation creating hyperresponsiveness of airway

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of asthma attacks?

A 
Slow-onset acute
Hyperacute asthma (minutes to hours)
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18
Q

What separates acute bronchitis from pneumonia?

A

Bronchitis has clear chest films

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19
Q

What does the bacterial form of bronchitis have?

A

Productive cough with fever and sternal pain

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20
Q

What type cough does viral acute bronchitis usually have?

A

Non-productive

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21
Q

How long must a productive cough must continue to be classified as chronic bronchitis?

A

At least 3 months of the year for at least 2 consecutive years

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22
Q

What cells increase in chronic bronchitis?

A

Mucous glands and goblet cells in airway epithelium

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23
Q

What are individuals with chronic bronchitis referred to as?

A

Blue bloaters

24
Q

What is abnormal permanent enlargement of acini accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis?

A

Emphysema

25
Q

Why is emphysema an obstructive disorder?

A

Can’t push air out due to loss of elastic tissue

26
Q

What is primary emphysema?

A

Deficiency of enzyme alpha I-antitrypsin

Autosomal recessive

27
Q

What does a person with emphysema look like?

A

Thin
Tachypnea
Increased chest diameter

28
Q

What is an individual with emphysema described as ?

A

Pink Puffer

29
Q

What are 5 obstructive disorders of the airway lumen?

A 
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiolitis
Acute tracheobronchial obstruction
Epiglottitis
Croup syndrome
30
Q

What is a persistent abnormal dilation of bronchi?

A

Bronchiectasis

31
Q

What are the three types of bronchiectasis?

A

Cylindrical- Symmetrically dilated airways
Saccular- Bronchi become large and balloon like
Varicose- Deform bronchi overtime due to constrictions and dilations

32
Q

What is Inflammatory obstruction of small airways or bronchioles?

A

Bronchiolitis

33
Q

Is bronchiolitis more common in adults or children?

A

Children, but can occur in adults with chronic bronchitis

34
Q

What is a blockage of trachea or bronchi?

A

Acute tracheobronchial obstruction

35
Q

What lung is affected by acute tracheobronchial obstruction?

A

Right

36
Q

What was epiglottitis historically caused by?

A

H. influenza type b

37
Q

What age group does epiglottitis affected?

A

2-6

38
Q

What signs are associated with epiglottitis?

A

High fever
store throat
inspiratory stridor
severe respiratory distress

39
Q

What is laryngotracheobronchitis?

A

Croup syndrome

40
Q

What is the cause of croup?

A

Sub-glottic edema from infection

41
Q

What is the most critical region with croup syndrome?

A

cricoid region

42
Q

What syndrome has a seal-like barking cough?

A

Croup

43
Q

What is ARDS?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolcapillary injury

44
Q

What do all disorders that cause ARDS do?

A

acutely injure the alveolocapillary membrane and cause severe pulmonary edema

45
Q

What is the hallmark of ARDS?

A

Increased capillary permeability

46
Q

What is the main cell associated with ARDS?

A

Neutrophils

47
Q

What are hyaline membranes (ARDS)?

A

Fibrosis areas that replace alveoli

48
Q

What is FRC?

A

Functional reserve capacity

49
Q

What happens to FRC with ARDS?

A

It is decreased

50
Q

What is IRDS?

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

51
Q

What is IRDS a disease of?

A

Hyaline membrane disease

52
Q

What do ARDS and IRDS have in common?

A

Development of hyaline membranes

53
Q

What population does IRDS occur in?

A

Premature infants (born before 30 weeks)

54
Q

What is the primary cause of IRDS?

A

Lack of pulmonary surfactant

55
Q

What causes hyaline membrane formation in IRDS?

A

leak of fluid into alveoli

Medical Phys II (16 decks)

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