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Medical Phys II > Neuro- Integration > Flashcards

Neuro- Integration Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Blood chemistry, immune responses, and endocrine are all part of what?

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

Environment, sensory input, previous experiences, new behavior are all part of what?

A

Integration

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3
Q

What is the highest integrator of the nervous system?

A

Cerebral cortex

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4
Q

How many layers of neurons are there in the cortex?

A

6

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5
Q

Most of the neurons in the cortex are ______?

A

Inhibitory

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6
Q

Inhibitory neurons use _____ as their neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

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7
Q

Glutamate and aspartate are ______ NT?

A

Excitatory

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8
Q

When glutamate gets out into the tissue it leads to _______?

A

Cell death of surrounding cells

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9
Q

Seizures are probably due to _______ neurons not doing their job?

A

Inhibitory

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10
Q

What is septal areas a general term for?

A

The medial basal part of the frontal lobe

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11
Q

What are 5 structures that are integrators?

A 
Cingulate gyurs
Corpus callosum
Reticular formation
Septal areas
Hypothalamus
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12
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus produce?

A

Oxytocin, ADH

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13
Q

What does the preoptic and suprachiasmic nucleus (in hypothalamus) regulate?

A

Diurnal rhythms

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14
Q

Where are glucose receptors and the satiety center located?

A

Ventral medial nucleus (in hypothalamus)

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15
Q

What does the arcuate nucleus regulate?

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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16
Q

If there is a net accumulation of lipid the amount of leptin hormone secreted by fat tissue _____?

A

Increases

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17
Q

If you are losing weight leptin secretion is ______?

A

Decreased

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18
Q

Where do leptin receptors reside?

A

Arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus

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19
Q

What is the major input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Light shinning on retina

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20
Q

The projection of what NT to the thalamus and cortex allows an individual to wake up?

A

AcH

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21
Q

What is the main center of control for visceral and endocrine function?

A

Hypothalamus

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22
Q

Serotonin projections from Raphne’ nuclei in the brainstem to the hypothalamus and cortex keep your brain ____?

A

Awake

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23
Q

What two NT regulate the sleep cycle?

A

serotonin and norepi

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24
Q

The cingulate gyrus has clusters of neurons related to ______ and _________

A

Reward and punishment

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25
Q

What are of the cortex is thought to play a role in addiction type behaviors?

A

Cingulate gyrus

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26
Q

The _________ nucleus projects from the thalamus to the frontal lobes, which allows the frontal lobes to be dominant over the cingulate gyrus.

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

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27
Q

What type of memory is for details, time, place, emotional content?

A

Declarative memory

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28
Q

What type memory is for performance of learned, skilled actions?

A

Non-declarative memory

29
Q

In which hemisphere & where is the declarative memory thought to reside in most people?

A

Left; parieto-occipito-temporal cortex

30
Q

Where is non-declarative memory thought to reside?

A

Bilateral frontal lobes just anterior to precentral gyrus
Cerebellum
Basal ganglia

31
Q

What is the inability to complete the components of a learned, skilled activity thought the patient isn’t paralyzed?

A

Apraxia

32
Q

In what type of memory are there no neurochemical or structural alterations?

A

Short Term Memory

33
Q

What type memory may last hours or a few days and requires rehearsal of data with some emotional context?

A

Intermediate memory

34
Q

What is the key structure of long term memory?

A

Hippocampus of the temporal lobe

35
Q

What type memory requires consolidation, neuronal DNA activation and specific protein synthesis?

A

Long Term Memory

36
Q

What facilitates long term memory?

A

Rehearsal, emotional context, multiple forms of input, sleep

37
Q

What type of amnesia is where the most recent memories are lost, no time for consolidation?

A

Retrograde amnesia

38
Q

In what type of amnesia can you not form new memories because of hippocampal dysfunction?

A

Anterograde amnesia

39
Q

What structure is critical for bringing in a new memory and bringing it to the cortex for consolidation?

A

Hippocampus

40
Q

What structure lies just anterior to the hippocampus and has to do with behavioral parts of the brain?

A

Amygdala

41
Q

Memory formation involves a ________ circuit.

A

Reverberating

42
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

temporal lobe, near the lateral ventricle

43
Q

Lesions in the medial part of the temporal lobe lead to what?

A

Inability to form new memories

Can also affect emotional content and behavior

44
Q

________ is a key structure in providing the emotional context for a new memory.

A

Amygdala

45
Q

What is working memory?

A

Ongoing problem solving by cerebral cortex. Designated important for various aspects of a memory.

46
Q

Where does procedural memory reside?

A

Striatal cortex (basal ganglia)

47
Q

In what part of the brain do you bring a memory and new experience together and decide if the memory is worth using in judgement, social interaction, etc.

A

Lateral aspect of frontal lobes

48
Q

What part of the frontal cortex is important in retrieval?

A

Medial part of the frontal cortex

49
Q

The ventral surface of the _____ hemisphere stores memory information related to details about a particular perception. (ex- name )

A

Left

50
Q

The ventral surface of the _____ hemisphere stores memory information related to location, spatial relationship. landmarks.

A

Right

51
Q

The right hemisphere ventral surface stores information about a general name near the ______ gyrus

A

Occipital-temporal gyrus

52
Q

In the right hemisphere ventral surface, information about a specific name is located near where?

A

Inferior temporal lobe (more anterior than where information on general names is stored)

53
Q

If a person has difficultly finding their way and gets lost in their environments, they probably have a lesion where?

A

Right hemisphere, ventral aspect of the cortex

54
Q

If a person can’t remember the name of a family member, where is the lesion most likely?

A

Left ventral hemisphere, anterior aspect

55
Q

Cholinergic pedunculopontine nucleus of pons reticular formation interaction with serotonin and norepi nuclei to regulate what?

A

Sleep omponents, facilitate REM cycle

56
Q

What supresses REM cycle oscillation and promotes wakefulness?

A

Orexin

57
Q

What retrieves emotion associated with memories?

A

Amygdala

58
Q

What activates stress response: Hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor -> ACTh -> adrenal secretion of cortisol.

A

Amygdala

59
Q

Which is the dominant hemisphere in most people?

A

Left

60
Q

What connects motor and sensory language areas?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

61
Q

The language areas are supplied by which cerebral artery?

A

Middle cerebral artery

62
Q

What structure plays a role in fluency of speech?

A

Basal ganglia

63
Q

In what part of the brain is sensory speech processed?

A

Wernicke’s area

Superior temporal gyrus & adjacent cortex

64
Q

In what part of the brain is the motor aspect of speech contained?

A

Broca’s area

Inferior frontal gyrus

65
Q

What hemisphere is spatial awareness of self and environment stored?

A

Non-dominant hemisphere (right)

66
Q

What is appreciating inflections and emotion in speech? Where is this located?

A

Prosody, parietal lobe

67
Q

Individuals with a lesion in the spatial awareness aspect of their non-dominant hemisphere (right) will often deny what?

A

That certain parts of their body actually belong to them

68
Q

If someone knows multiple languages, where is their first language stored?

A

Right (non-dominant) hemisphere

Medical Phys II (16 decks)

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