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Medical Phys II > Neuro- Integration > Flashcards

Neuro- Integration Flashcards

1
Q

Blood chemistry, immune responses, and endocrine are all part of what?

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

Environment, sensory input, previous experiences, new behavior are all part of what?

A

Integration

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3
Q

What is the highest integrator of the nervous system?

A

Cerebral cortex

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4
Q

How many layers of neurons are there in the cortex?

A

6

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5
Q

Most of the neurons in the cortex are ______?

A

Inhibitory

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6
Q

Inhibitory neurons use _____ as their neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

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7
Q

Glutamate and aspartate are ______ NT?

A

Excitatory

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8
Q

When glutamate gets out into the tissue it leads to _______?

A

Cell death of surrounding cells

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9
Q

Seizures are probably due to _______ neurons not doing their job?

A

Inhibitory

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10
Q

What is septal areas a general term for?

A

The medial basal part of the frontal lobe

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11
Q

What are 5 structures that are integrators?

A 
Cingulate gyurs
Corpus callosum
Reticular formation
Septal areas
Hypothalamus
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12
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus produce?

A

Oxytocin, ADH

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13
Q

What does the preoptic and suprachiasmic nucleus (in hypothalamus) regulate?

A

Diurnal rhythms

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14
Q

Where are glucose receptors and the satiety center located?

A

Ventral medial nucleus (in hypothalamus)

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15
Q

What does the arcuate nucleus regulate?

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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16
Q

If there is a net accumulation of lipid the amount of leptin hormone secreted by fat tissue _____?

A

Increases

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17
Q

If you are losing weight leptin secretion is ______?

A

Decreased

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18
Q

Where do leptin receptors reside?

A

Arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus

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19
Q

What is the major input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Light shinning on retina

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20
Q

The projection of what NT to the thalamus and cortex allows an individual to wake up?

A

AcH

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21
Q

What is the main center of control for visceral and endocrine function?

A

Hypothalamus

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22
Q

Serotonin projections from Raphne’ nuclei in the brainstem to the hypothalamus and cortex keep your brain ____?

A

Awake

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23
Q

What two NT regulate the sleep cycle?

A

serotonin and norepi

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24
Q

The cingulate gyrus has clusters of neurons related to ______ and _________

A

Reward and punishment

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25
What are of the cortex is thought to play a role in addiction type behaviors?
Cingulate gyrus
26
The _________ nucleus projects from the thalamus to the frontal lobes, which allows the frontal lobes to be dominant over the cingulate gyrus.
Dorsomedial nucleus
27
What type of memory is for details, time, place, emotional content?
Declarative memory
28
What type memory is for performance of learned, skilled actions?
Non-declarative memory
29
In which hemisphere & where is the declarative memory thought to reside in most people?
Left; parieto-occipito-temporal cortex
30
Where is non-declarative memory thought to reside?
Bilateral frontal lobes just anterior to precentral gyrus Cerebellum Basal ganglia
31
What is the inability to complete the components of a learned, skilled activity thought the patient isn't paralyzed?
Apraxia
32
In what type of memory are there no neurochemical or structural alterations?
Short Term Memory
33
What type memory may last hours or a few days and requires rehearsal of data with some emotional context?
Intermediate memory
34
What is the key structure of long term memory?
Hippocampus of the temporal lobe
35
What type memory requires consolidation, neuronal DNA activation and specific protein synthesis?
Long Term Memory
36
What facilitates long term memory?
Rehearsal, emotional context, multiple forms of input, sleep
37
What type of amnesia is where the most recent memories are lost, no time for consolidation?
Retrograde amnesia
38
In what type of amnesia can you not form new memories because of hippocampal dysfunction?
Anterograde amnesia
39
What structure is critical for bringing in a new memory and bringing it to the cortex for consolidation?
Hippocampus
40
What structure lies just anterior to the hippocampus and has to do with behavioral parts of the brain?
Amygdala
41
Memory formation involves a ________ circuit.
Reverberating
42
Where is the hippocampus located?
temporal lobe, near the lateral ventricle
43
Lesions in the medial part of the temporal lobe lead to what?
Inability to form new memories | Can also affect emotional content and behavior
44
________ is a key structure in providing the emotional context for a new memory.
Amygdala
45
What is working memory?
Ongoing problem solving by cerebral cortex. Designated important for various aspects of a memory.
46
Where does procedural memory reside?
Striatal cortex (basal ganglia)
47
In what part of the brain do you bring a memory and new experience together and decide if the memory is worth using in judgement, social interaction, etc.
Lateral aspect of frontal lobes
48
What part of the frontal cortex is important in retrieval?
Medial part of the frontal cortex
49
The ventral surface of the _____ hemisphere stores memory information related to details about a particular perception. (ex- name )
Left
50
The ventral surface of the _____ hemisphere stores memory information related to location, spatial relationship. landmarks.
Right
51
The right hemisphere ventral surface stores information about a general name near the ______ gyrus
Occipital-temporal gyrus
52
In the right hemisphere ventral surface, information about a specific name is located near where?
Inferior temporal lobe (more anterior than where information on general names is stored)
53
If a person has difficultly finding their way and gets lost in their environments, they probably have a lesion where?
Right hemisphere, ventral aspect of the cortex
54
If a person can't remember the name of a family member, where is the lesion most likely?
Left ventral hemisphere, anterior aspect
55
Cholinergic pedunculopontine nucleus of pons reticular formation interaction with serotonin and norepi nuclei to regulate what?
Sleep omponents, facilitate REM cycle
56
What supresses REM cycle oscillation and promotes wakefulness?
Orexin
57
What retrieves emotion associated with memories?
Amygdala
58
What activates stress response: Hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor -> ACTh -> adrenal secretion of cortisol.
Amygdala
59
Which is the dominant hemisphere in most people?
Left
60
What connects motor and sensory language areas?
Arcuate fasciculus
61
The language areas are supplied by which cerebral artery?
Middle cerebral artery
62
What structure plays a role in fluency of speech?
Basal ganglia
63
In what part of the brain is sensory speech processed?
Wernicke's area | Superior temporal gyrus & adjacent cortex
64
In what part of the brain is the motor aspect of speech contained?
Broca's area | Inferior frontal gyrus
65
What hemisphere is spatial awareness of self and environment stored?
Non-dominant hemisphere (right)
66
What is appreciating inflections and emotion in speech? Where is this located?
Prosody, parietal lobe
67
Individuals with a lesion in the spatial awareness aspect of their non-dominant hemisphere (right) will often deny what?
That certain parts of their body actually belong to them
68
If someone knows multiple languages, where is their first language stored?
Right (non-dominant) hemisphere

Medical Phys II (16 decks)

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