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Medical Phys II > Normal Kidney > Flashcards

Normal Kidney Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of tubular reabsorption?

A

Passive transport

Active transport

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2
Q

What is most the kidneys’ energy requirement needed for?

A

Na+ transport

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3
Q

Where are glucose, amino acids, and proteins reabsorbed?

A

PCT

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4
Q

Where is most of the Na+ reabsorbed?

A

PCT

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5
Q

What cell type is in the PCT?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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6
Q

What filters fluid from the blood into Bowman’s capsule and prevents the passage of blood cells and proteins?

A

Glomerulus

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7
Q

Where are 2/3 of filtered water and electrolytes and all filtered bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, and vitamins reabsorbed?

A

PCT

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8
Q

What reabsorbs water and delivers concentrated filtrate to the ascending loop of Henle?

A

Descending loof of Henle

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9
Q

What activately reabsorbs Na+, K+, Cl- to produce a hyposmotic filtrate and high interstitial osmolality ?

A

Ascending loop of Henle

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10
Q

What reabsorbs Na+ and Cl-, water, urea, is responsive to aldosterole and is a site of macula densa regulation of GFR and also secrete H+ and K+

A

DCT

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11
Q

Where is water reabsorbed under the influence of ADH?

A

Collecting tubule

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12
Q

Are cells permeable to water in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Yes- very

there is passive reabsorption of water in response to osmotic forces

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13
Q

What cell type s found in the descending limb of the loop of henle?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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14
Q

Does water leave the lumen in the ascending limb of the loop of henle?

A

NO! Cells are impereable to water here (tight junctions)

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15
Q

What cell type is found in the ascending limb of the loop of henle?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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16
Q

What happens in the ascending limb of the loop of henle?

A

Reabsorption (ions go into interstitium)
Active transport of NA+ at basolateral border
Cl- ions follow Na+ out

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17
Q

What is reabsorption of Na in the DCT and collecting duct controlled by?

A

Aldosterone

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18
Q

What is reabsoprtion of water in the DCT and collecting duct controlled by?

A

ADH

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19
Q

Where s H+ added into filtrate?

A

PCT
DCT
collecting ducts

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20
Q

Where is K+ actively reabsorbed?

A

PCT

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21
Q

Where is K+ actively secreted?

A

DCT

collecting tubules

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22
Q

What does increased aldosterone promote in Na+ and K+?

A

Increased Na+ reabsorption

increased K+ secretion

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23
Q

What is the normal amount of excretion of urine per day?

A

1.5 liters

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24
Q

What is the typical pH of urine?

A

6

25
Q

What nerves innervate the kidneys?

A

Less splanchnic

26
Q

Where is pain sensed in the kidney?

A

Capsul and HIlum

27
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

28
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

A thickened segment of the ascendign limb that passes b/w afferent and efferent arterioles

29
Q

What are the 5 parts of the tubular component of the renal system?

A 
Bowman's capsule
proximal tubules
loop of henle (descending, ascending)
Distal tubule
Collecting tubule or duct
30
Q

What 6 things are involved in the vascular component of the renal system?

A 
Renal artery
Afferent arterioles
Glomerulus
Efferent arterioles
Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
Renal venous system
31
Q

What is the most common type of nephron?

A

Cortical (superficial)
Lie almost completely in the cortex
Short loop of henle

32
Q

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons founds?

A

Cortex and medulla

33
Q

What are the three basic renal processes?

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

34
Q

What are the three layers of a glomerular capillary?

A

Endothelium
Basement membrane
Epithelium

35
Q

Where are pores or fenestrae found?

A

Endothelium of glomerular capillary

36
Q

WHere are negatively charged glycoproteins found?

A

Basement membrane of glomerular capillary

37
Q

Where are podocytes found?

A

Epithelium (attached to basement membrane)

form filtration slits

38
Q

What do fenestrae, podocytes, and filtration slits in the glomerular capillary facilitate?

A

Filtration

39
Q

What do negatively charge glycoproteins do?

A

Attract cations and repel anions (preveting proteinuria)

40
Q

Where does most the renal blood flow to?

A

Cortex

41
Q

What are the three forces affecting filtration?

A

Hydrostatic pressure within glomerular capillaries (favors filtration)
hydrostatic pressure within Bowman’s capsule (back pressure)
Osmotic pressure within glomerular capillaries (against filtration)

42
Q

What is the net filtration pressure

A

10 mm Hg in favor of filtration

43
Q

How does decreasing arterial pressure affect net filtration pressure?

A

decreases it

44
Q

What does increasing resistance of the afferent arteriole cause

A

Decreases glomerular hydrostatic pressure

45
Q

What does decreasing resistance of the efferent arteriole cause?

A

Decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure

46
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

quantity of filtrate formed each minute in all nephrons in both kidneys

47
Q

Does a decrease in arterial pressure affect GFR?

A

Not really because of the phenomenon of autoregulation (within 80-180 mm Hg)

48
Q

What is the macula densa sensitive to?

A

Filtrate osmolarity and/or rate of flow

49
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells sensitive to?

A

blood pressure

50
Q

what is the extrinsic sympathetic control of GFR mediated by?

A

sympathetic nervous system; aimed at regulation of arterial BPs

51
Q

Hat is the chain of events in the kidney of BP drops

A 
increase sympathetic activity
afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction
decrease GFR
decrease urine volume
leads to an increase in BP
52
Q

a High GFR means there is a ____ filtrate flow rate in the tubules?

A

high

53
Q

a high filtrate flow rate in tubules means there is a _________ reabsorption of ions in the tubules

A

decreased

54
Q

with a decreased reabsorption of ions in the tubules there is ____ osmolarity in the tubules

A

High

55
Q

With high osmolarity in the tubules the mascular densa cells _______ vasoconstrictor?

A

Release

56
Q

When the afferent arteriole contricts GFR _____

A

Decreases

57
Q

If GFR is decreased, filtration flow rate ______

A

Decreases

58
Q

With decreased filtration flow rate, there is ____ reabsorption of ions in the tubules

A

Increased

59
Q

With increased reabsorption of ions in the tubules, there is _____ osmolarity in the tubules

A

lower

Medical Phys II (16 decks)

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