Normal Kidney

Question 1

What are the two types of tubular reabsorption?

Answer 1

Passive transport

Active transport

Question 2

What is most the kidneys’ energy requirement needed for?

Answer 2

Na+ transport

Question 3

Where are glucose, amino acids, and proteins reabsorbed?

Answer 3

PCT

Question 4

Where is most of the Na+ reabsorbed?

Answer 4

PCT

Question 5

What cell type is in the PCT?

Answer 5

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 6

What filters fluid from the blood into Bowman’s capsule and prevents the passage of blood cells and proteins?

Answer 6

Glomerulus

Question 7

Where are 2/3 of filtered water and electrolytes and all filtered bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, and vitamins reabsorbed?

Answer 7

PCT

Question 8

What reabsorbs water and delivers concentrated filtrate to the ascending loop of Henle?

Answer 8

Descending loof of Henle

Question 9

What activately reabsorbs Na+, K+, Cl- to produce a hyposmotic filtrate and high interstitial osmolality ?

Answer 9

Ascending loop of Henle

Question 10

What reabsorbs Na+ and Cl-, water, urea, is responsive to aldosterole and is a site of macula densa regulation of GFR and also secrete H+ and K+

Answer 10

DCT

Question 11

Where is water reabsorbed under the influence of ADH?

Answer 11

Collecting tubule

Question 12

Are cells permeable to water in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

Answer 12

Yes- very

there is passive reabsorption of water in response to osmotic forces

Question 13

What cell type s found in the descending limb of the loop of henle?

Answer 13

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 14

Does water leave the lumen in the ascending limb of the loop of henle?

Answer 14

NO! Cells are impereable to water here (tight junctions)

Question 15

What cell type is found in the ascending limb of the loop of henle?

Answer 15

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 16

What happens in the ascending limb of the loop of henle?

Answer 16

Reabsorption (ions go into interstitium)
Active transport of NA+ at basolateral border
Cl- ions follow Na+ out

Question 17

What is reabsorption of Na in the DCT and collecting duct controlled by?

Answer 17

Aldosterone

Question 18

What is reabsoprtion of water in the DCT and collecting duct controlled by?

Answer 18

ADH

Question 19

Where s H+ added into filtrate?

Answer 19

PCT
DCT
collecting ducts

Question 20

Where is K+ actively reabsorbed?

Answer 20

PCT

Question 21

Where is K+ actively secreted?

Answer 21

DCT

collecting tubules

Question 22

What does increased aldosterone promote in Na+ and K+?

Answer 22

Increased Na+ reabsorption

increased K+ secretion

Question 23

What is the normal amount of excretion of urine per day?

Answer 23

1.5 liters

Question 24

What is the typical pH of urine?

Answer 24

6

Question 25

What nerves innervate the kidneys?

Answer 25

Less splanchnic

Question 26

Where is pain sensed in the kidney?

Answer 26

Capsul and HIlum

Question 27

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 27

Nephron

Question 28

What is the macula densa?

Answer 28

A thickened segment of the ascendign limb that passes b/w afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 29

What are the 5 parts of the tubular component of the renal system?

Answer 29

``` Bowman's capsule proximal tubules loop of henle (descending, ascending) Distal tubule Collecting tubule or duct ```

Question 30

What 6 things are involved in the vascular component of the renal system?

Answer 30

``` Renal artery Afferent arterioles Glomerulus Efferent arterioles Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta Renal venous system ```

Question 31

What is the most common type of nephron?

Answer 31

Cortical (superficial) Lie almost completely in the cortex Short loop of henle

Question 32

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons founds?

Answer 32

Cortex and medulla

Question 33

What are the three basic renal processes?

Answer 33

Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion

Question 34

What are the three layers of a glomerular capillary?

Answer 34

Endothelium Basement membrane Epithelium

Question 35

Where are pores or fenestrae found?

Answer 35

Endothelium of glomerular capillary

Question 36

WHere are negatively charged glycoproteins found?

Answer 36

Basement membrane of glomerular capillary

Question 37

Where are podocytes found?

Answer 37

Epithelium (attached to basement membrane) | form filtration slits

Question 38

What do fenestrae, podocytes, and filtration slits in the glomerular capillary facilitate?

Answer 38

Filtration

Question 39

What do negatively charge glycoproteins do?

Answer 39

Attract cations and repel anions (preveting proteinuria)

Question 40

Where does most the renal blood flow to?

Answer 40

Cortex

Question 41

What are the three forces affecting filtration?

Answer 41

Hydrostatic pressure within glomerular capillaries (favors filtration) hydrostatic pressure within Bowman's capsule (back pressure) Osmotic pressure within glomerular capillaries (against filtration)

Question 42

What is the net filtration pressure

Answer 42

10 mm Hg in favor of filtration

Question 43

How does decreasing arterial pressure affect net filtration pressure?

Answer 43

decreases it

Question 44

What does increasing resistance of the afferent arteriole cause

Answer 44

Decreases glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 45

What does decreasing resistance of the efferent arteriole cause?

Answer 45

Decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 46

What is GFR?

Answer 46

Glomerular filtration rate | quantity of filtrate formed each minute in all nephrons in both kidneys

Question 47

Does a decrease in arterial pressure affect GFR?

Answer 47

Not really because of the phenomenon of autoregulation (within 80-180 mm Hg)

Question 48

What is the macula densa sensitive to?

Answer 48

Filtrate osmolarity and/or rate of flow

Question 49

What are juxtaglomerular cells sensitive to?

Answer 49

blood pressure

Question 50

what is the extrinsic sympathetic control of GFR mediated by?

Answer 50

sympathetic nervous system; aimed at regulation of arterial BPs

Question 51

Hat is the chain of events in the kidney of BP drops

Answer 51

``` increase sympathetic activity afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction decrease GFR decrease urine volume leads to an increase in BP ```

Question 52

a High GFR means there is a ____ filtrate flow rate in the tubules?

Answer 52

high

Question 53

a high filtrate flow rate in tubules means there is a _________ reabsorption of ions in the tubules

Answer 53

decreased

Question 54

with a decreased reabsorption of ions in the tubules there is ____ osmolarity in the tubules

Answer 54

High

Question 55

With high osmolarity in the tubules the mascular densa cells _______ vasoconstrictor?

Answer 55

Release

Question 56

When the afferent arteriole contricts GFR _____

Answer 56

Decreases

Question 57

If GFR is decreased, filtration flow rate ______

Answer 57

Decreases

Question 58

With decreased filtration flow rate, there is ____ reabsorption of ions in the tubules

Answer 58

Increased

Question 59

With increased reabsorption of ions in the tubules, there is _____ osmolarity in the tubules

Answer 59

lower