Reproductive Patho Flashcards
What is an uncommon condition of prolonged penile erection?
Priapism
Is priapism associated with sexual arousal?
No
What are most priapisms caused by?
Idiopathic
What part of the penis is affects with priapism?
Corpora cavernosa
What can priapism lead to?
Edema, fibrosis
What is a fibrotic narrowing of the urethra caused by scarring?
Urethral Strictures
What are the two causes of urethral strictures?
Congenital or traumatic
Long term use of catheter
Pelvic fracture (external)
What are common complications of urethral strictures?
Prostatitis
Infection secondary to urine status
With a severe urethral obstruction in a male what can happen.
Hydronephrosis
Renal Failure
What symptoms urethral strictures appear?
Symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction
(sense of urgency then hesitancy) but then will show signs of infection
What is the primary form of ED?
Inability to attain erection throughout life (never been able to get a functional erection)
Often due to long-standing psychiatric disorder
What is the secondary form of ED?
No longer able to achieve normal erections.
What are some causes of secondary ED?
Vascular disease
Medication
Endocrine disorder
Trauma
Anything that alters ___ or ___ can lead to ED?
LH (primary- drives testosterone development) or FSH
What is inflammatory process of urethra w/o concurrent bladder infection?
Urethritis
What is urethritis normally due to?
STD
Gonococcal or non-gonococcal urethritis
What are some symptoms of urethritis
Urethra tingling Itching Burning on urination Frequency Urgency
What is an abnormal dilation of a vein in the spermatic cord?
Varicocele
Where do varicocele normally occur?
On left side
In older males, a varicocele may be a sign of what?
Late sign of renal tumor
What causes a varicocele?
Incompetent or missing valve
When do most males get a varicocele?
Right after puberty
What is a collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis?
Hydrocele
What is the most common cause of scrotal swelling?
Hydrocele
How does a hydrocele cause atrophy?
Compresses blood supply
How does the primary form of hydrocele occur?
Unknown
What are causes of secondary hydrocele?
Trauma
Infection
Tumors
What is a painless diverticulum of epididymis?
Spermatocele
What is a spermatocele filled with?
Milky sperm-filled fluid
How does a spermatocele present?
Discrete, firm,
freely mobile mass distant from testis
What is a rotation of testis- twists blood vessels?
testicular torsion
What causes testicular torsion?
Can be spontaneous
Can follow exertion or trauma
What happens with testicular torsion?
Vascular engorgement and ischemia
Scrotal swelling and pain
Who most often gets testicular torsion?
Neonatals, pre-puberty males but can happen at any time
How much time do you have to resolve a testicular torsion?
6 hours to keep normal function
What is an inflammation of epididymis?
Epididymitis
Who gets epididymitis?
Sexually active males after puberty but before age 35 (often in young homosexual males)
or if over 35- UTRI or prostatitis
What is the usual cause of epididymitis?
STD
Chemical inflammation
What is the chemical form (urine backflow) of epididymitis caused by?
Heavy lifting or straining
What are some complications of epididymitis?
Abscess formation
Testicular infarction
Recurrent infection
Infertility
What is the good thing about testicular cancer?
Highly curable (>95% if found early) Rare
What age group does testicular cancer occur in?
Males b/w 15-35
What testis is testicular cancer often found on?
Right testis
Testicular cancer is normally what type of tumor
Germ cell tumors
Seminomas and non-seminiomas
What is the most common type of testicular cancer?
Seminomas (least agressive)
What is the first sign of a neoplasm of the testis?
Painless testicular enlargement
What is the absence or suppression of menstruation?
Amenorrhea
What causes the majority of amenorrhea?
Abnormal pattern of hormones
What hormone abnormalities cause amenorrhea?
Prevents estrogen production, fluctuations
high doses of progesterone, block action of estrogen
What is painful menstruation that limits normal activity?
Dysmenorrhea
When is dysmenorrhea worse?
The younger you are
Is dysmenorrhea related to a pathological condition?
Not in the primary form
What are common symptoms of dysmenorrhea?
Cramps in suprapubic region (sharp)
Pain radiating to thigh and lower sacrum
N/D/headache
What is implicated in dysmenorrhea?
Progesterone which triggers protaglandin release and these affect smooth muscle
What are symptoms of the secondary form of dysmenorrhea?
Dull pain increasing with age
What is treatment of dysmenorrhea focussed on?
Prostaglandins
Ibuprofen tends to helps
What can secondary dysmenorrhea be due to?
Endometrosis
Leiomyomas
Pelvic adhesions
What causes pelvic inflammatory disease?
An infection travels upwards into the organ(s) or the upper genital tract (even peritoneal cavity)
What is infection in the fallopian tubes?
Salpingitis
What is inflammation of ovaries?
Ooporitis
What 2 organisms cause PID?
Streptococcus (go through whole path)
Stphylococcus, gonocus (short cut)
In most situations, what type of infection is found in PID?
Polymicrobial infection
In PID what organisms cause changes to the endometrium?
Gonorrhea and chlamydia
What is the common first sign of PID?
Bilateral dull pain
WHat is an infection of the vagina by STDS and Candida albicans?
Vaginitis
What is the most common age to develop vaginitis?
15-24
What causes vaginitis?
Loss of local defenses- skin integrity, immune rxn, vaginal pH
What causes cervical cancer?
HPV, smoking, immunosuppression, poor nutrition
What does CIN stand for?
cervical intraepithelium neoplasia (very common)
In most canses of cervical cancers, pre-malignant lesions occur _____ years prior to invasive carcinoma?
10-12 years
What is the steps to the devleopment of cervical carcinoma?
Cervical dysplasia –> cervical carcinoma –> invasive carcinoma
Where does cervical cancer most commonly occur?
Squamous-columnar junction (transofmraiton zone)
What is the direct invasion of cervical caner into adjacent tissue. Usually asymptomatic
Invasive carcinoma
What type of cancer arises from glandular epithelium of uterine lining?
Endometrial cancer
Most patients who get endometrial cancer are what?
Post-menopausal
What is the primary risk factor of endometrial cancer?
Unoppposed estrogen exposure with resultant hyperplasia
What is protective against endometrial cancer?
Pregnancy
Oral contraceptives
What type of cancers are endometrial cancer usually?
Adenocarcinomas
What are signs of endometrial cancer?
Vaginal bleeding, pain, weight loss
How do you screen for endometrial cancer?
Endometrial biopsy
What are some risks for ovarian cancer?
Over 40, early menarche, late menopause, fertility drugs
What is protective against ovarian cancer?
Anything that suppresses ovulation
What is the cause of ovarian cancer?
Unknown, but tends to follow BRCA1 mutations
Most ovarian cancer tends to start where?
Epithelial (mono clonal)
Ovarian cancer is normally only diagnosed after what has occured?
Metastases
Ovarian cysts are more common with what imbalance?
Hormone
When do ovarian cysts typically appear?
Right after menarche or before menopause
What are the two types of ovarian cysts?
Follicular cysts or corpus luteum cysts
What are the cysts called in ovarian cysts?
Functional cysts
What causes ovarian cysts
When produced follicle (or multiple) are stimulated but not dominant follicle matures
How much follicles are stimulated each month?
120, but only 1 is dominant
What causes fallicular cysts?
Dominant follicle fails to rupture
What are symptoms of follicular cysts?
Bloatedness, swollen tender breasts, heavy or irregular menses
What usually happens with follicular cysts?
Usually regress or are absorbed
What are corpus luteum cysts due to?
Low LH and progesterone
In corpus luteum cysts what is it filled with?
Blood
What are symptoms of corpus luteum cysts?
Dull pelvic pain, amenorrhea, rupture may cause massive bleeding
What usually happens with corpus luteum cysts?
Usually regress spontaneously in non-pregnancy females
What is a condition that is due to functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus?
Endometriosis
What is a big contributing factor of endometriosis?
Retrograde menstruation (goes out of the infundibulum, a little bit happens every single month)
