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Medical Phys II > Reproductive Patho > Flashcards

Reproductive Patho Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is an uncommon condition of prolonged penile erection?

A

Priapism

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2
Q

Is priapism associated with sexual arousal?

A

No

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3
Q

What are most priapisms caused by?

A

Idiopathic

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4
Q

What part of the penis is affects with priapism?

A

Corpora cavernosa

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5
Q

What can priapism lead to?

A

Edema, fibrosis

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6
Q

What is a fibrotic narrowing of the urethra caused by scarring?

A

Urethral Strictures

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7
Q

What are the two causes of urethral strictures?

A

Congenital or traumatic
Long term use of catheter
Pelvic fracture (external)

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8
Q

What are common complications of urethral strictures?

A

Prostatitis

Infection secondary to urine status

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9
Q

With a severe urethral obstruction in a male what can happen.

A

Hydronephrosis

Renal Failure

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10
Q

What symptoms urethral strictures appear?

A

Symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction

(sense of urgency then hesitancy) but then will show signs of infection

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11
Q

What is the primary form of ED?

A

Inability to attain erection throughout life (never been able to get a functional erection)
Often due to long-standing psychiatric disorder

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12
Q

What is the secondary form of ED?

A

No longer able to achieve normal erections.

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13
Q

What are some causes of secondary ED?

A

Vascular disease
Medication
Endocrine disorder
Trauma

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14
Q

Anything that alters ___ or ___ can lead to ED?

A

LH (primary- drives testosterone development) or FSH

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15
Q

What is inflammatory process of urethra w/o concurrent bladder infection?

A

Urethritis

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16
Q

What is urethritis normally due to?

A

STD

Gonococcal or non-gonococcal urethritis

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17
Q

What are some symptoms of urethritis

A 
Urethra tingling
Itching
Burning on urination
Frequency
Urgency
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18
Q

What is an abnormal dilation of a vein in the spermatic cord?

A

Varicocele

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19
Q

Where do varicocele normally occur?

A

On left side

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20
Q

In older males, a varicocele may be a sign of what?

A

Late sign of renal tumor

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21
Q

What causes a varicocele?

A

Incompetent or missing valve

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22
Q

When do most males get a varicocele?

A

Right after puberty

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23
Q

What is a collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis?

A

Hydrocele

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24
Q

What is the most common cause of scrotal swelling?

A

Hydrocele

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25
Q

How does a hydrocele cause atrophy?

A

Compresses blood supply

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26
Q

How does the primary form of hydrocele occur?

A

Unknown

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27
Q

What are causes of secondary hydrocele?

A

Trauma
Infection
Tumors

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28
Q

What is a painless diverticulum of epididymis?

A

Spermatocele

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29
Q

What is a spermatocele filled with?

A

Milky sperm-filled fluid

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30
Q

How does a spermatocele present?

A

Discrete, firm,

freely mobile mass distant from testis

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31
Q

What is a rotation of testis- twists blood vessels?

A

testicular torsion

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32
Q

What causes testicular torsion?

A

Can be spontaneous

Can follow exertion or trauma

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33
Q

What happens with testicular torsion?

A

Vascular engorgement and ischemia

Scrotal swelling and pain

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34
Q

Who most often gets testicular torsion?

A

Neonatals, pre-puberty males but can happen at any time

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35
Q

How much time do you have to resolve a testicular torsion?

A

6 hours to keep normal function

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36
Q

What is an inflammation of epididymis?

A

Epididymitis

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37
Q

Who gets epididymitis?

A

Sexually active males after puberty but before age 35 (often in young homosexual males)
or if over 35- UTRI or prostatitis

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38
Q

What is the usual cause of epididymitis?

A

STD

Chemical inflammation

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39
Q

What is the chemical form (urine backflow) of epididymitis caused by?

A

Heavy lifting or straining

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40
Q

What are some complications of epididymitis?

A

Abscess formation
Testicular infarction
Recurrent infection
Infertility

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41
Q

What is the good thing about testicular cancer?

A 
Highly curable (>95% if found early)
Rare
42
Q

What age group does testicular cancer occur in?

A

Males b/w 15-35

43
Q

What testis is testicular cancer often found on?

A

Right testis

44
Q

Testicular cancer is normally what type of tumor

A

Germ cell tumors

Seminomas and non-seminiomas

45
Q

What is the most common type of testicular cancer?

A

Seminomas (least agressive)

46
Q

What is the first sign of a neoplasm of the testis?

A

Painless testicular enlargement

47
Q

What is the absence or suppression of menstruation?

A

Amenorrhea

48
Q

What causes the majority of amenorrhea?

A

Abnormal pattern of hormones

49
Q

What hormone abnormalities cause amenorrhea?

A

Prevents estrogen production, fluctuations

high doses of progesterone, block action of estrogen

50
Q

What is painful menstruation that limits normal activity?

A

Dysmenorrhea

51
Q

When is dysmenorrhea worse?

A

The younger you are

52
Q

Is dysmenorrhea related to a pathological condition?

A

Not in the primary form

53
Q

What are common symptoms of dysmenorrhea?

A

Cramps in suprapubic region (sharp)
Pain radiating to thigh and lower sacrum
N/D/headache

54
Q

What is implicated in dysmenorrhea?

A

Progesterone which triggers protaglandin release and these affect smooth muscle

55
Q

What are symptoms of the secondary form of dysmenorrhea?

A

Dull pain increasing with age

56
Q

What is treatment of dysmenorrhea focussed on?

A

Prostaglandins

Ibuprofen tends to helps

57
Q

What can secondary dysmenorrhea be due to?

A

Endometrosis
Leiomyomas
Pelvic adhesions

58
Q

What causes pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

An infection travels upwards into the organ(s) or the upper genital tract (even peritoneal cavity)

59
Q

What is infection in the fallopian tubes?

A

Salpingitis

60
Q

What is inflammation of ovaries?

A

Ooporitis

61
Q

What 2 organisms cause PID?

A

Streptococcus (go through whole path)

Stphylococcus, gonocus (short cut)

62
Q

In most situations, what type of infection is found in PID?

A

Polymicrobial infection

63
Q

In PID what organisms cause changes to the endometrium?

A

Gonorrhea and chlamydia

64
Q

What is the common first sign of PID?

A

Bilateral dull pain

65
Q

WHat is an infection of the vagina by STDS and Candida albicans?

A

Vaginitis

66
Q

What is the most common age to develop vaginitis?

A

15-24

67
Q

What causes vaginitis?

A

Loss of local defenses- skin integrity, immune rxn, vaginal pH

68
Q

What causes cervical cancer?

A

HPV, smoking, immunosuppression, poor nutrition

69
Q

What does CIN stand for?

A

cervical intraepithelium neoplasia (very common)

70
Q

In most canses of cervical cancers, pre-malignant lesions occur _____ years prior to invasive carcinoma?

A

10-12 years

71
Q

What is the steps to the devleopment of cervical carcinoma?

A

Cervical dysplasia –> cervical carcinoma –> invasive carcinoma

72
Q

Where does cervical cancer most commonly occur?

A

Squamous-columnar junction (transofmraiton zone)

73
Q

What is the direct invasion of cervical caner into adjacent tissue. Usually asymptomatic

A

Invasive carcinoma

74
Q

What type of cancer arises from glandular epithelium of uterine lining?

A

Endometrial cancer

75
Q

Most patients who get endometrial cancer are what?

A

Post-menopausal

76
Q

What is the primary risk factor of endometrial cancer?

A

Unoppposed estrogen exposure with resultant hyperplasia

77
Q

What is protective against endometrial cancer?

A

Pregnancy

Oral contraceptives

78
Q

What type of cancers are endometrial cancer usually?

A

Adenocarcinomas

79
Q

What are signs of endometrial cancer?

A

Vaginal bleeding, pain, weight loss

80
Q

How do you screen for endometrial cancer?

A

Endometrial biopsy

81
Q

What are some risks for ovarian cancer?

A

Over 40, early menarche, late menopause, fertility drugs

82
Q

What is protective against ovarian cancer?

A

Anything that suppresses ovulation

83
Q

What is the cause of ovarian cancer?

A

Unknown, but tends to follow BRCA1 mutations

84
Q

Most ovarian cancer tends to start where?

A

Epithelial (mono clonal)

85
Q

Ovarian cancer is normally only diagnosed after what has occured?

A

Metastases

86
Q

Ovarian cysts are more common with what imbalance?

A

Hormone

87
Q

When do ovarian cysts typically appear?

A

Right after menarche or before menopause

88
Q

What are the two types of ovarian cysts?

A

Follicular cysts or corpus luteum cysts

89
Q

What are the cysts called in ovarian cysts?

A

Functional cysts

90
Q

What causes ovarian cysts

A

When produced follicle (or multiple) are stimulated but not dominant follicle matures

91
Q

How much follicles are stimulated each month?

A

120, but only 1 is dominant

92
Q

What causes fallicular cysts?

A

Dominant follicle fails to rupture

93
Q

What are symptoms of follicular cysts?

A

Bloatedness, swollen tender breasts, heavy or irregular menses

94
Q

What usually happens with follicular cysts?

A

Usually regress or are absorbed

95
Q

What are corpus luteum cysts due to?

A

Low LH and progesterone

96
Q

In corpus luteum cysts what is it filled with?

A

Blood

97
Q

What are symptoms of corpus luteum cysts?

A

Dull pelvic pain, amenorrhea, rupture may cause massive bleeding

98
Q

What usually happens with corpus luteum cysts?

A

Usually regress spontaneously in non-pregnancy females

99
Q

What is a condition that is due to functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus?

A

Endometriosis

100
Q

What is a big contributing factor of endometriosis?

A

Retrograde menstruation (goes out of the infundibulum, a little bit happens every single month)

Medical Phys II (16 decks)

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