Reproductive Patho Flashcards by Meg Dolohanty

What is an uncommon condition of prolonged penile erection?

Priapism

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Is priapism associated with sexual arousal?

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What are most priapisms caused by?

Idiopathic

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What part of the penis is affects with priapism?

Corpora cavernosa

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What can priapism lead to?

Edema, fibrosis

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What is a fibrotic narrowing of the urethra caused by scarring?

Urethral Strictures

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What are the two causes of urethral strictures?

Congenital or traumatic
Long term use of catheter
Pelvic fracture (external)

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What are common complications of urethral strictures?

Prostatitis

Infection secondary to urine status

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With a severe urethral obstruction in a male what can happen.

Hydronephrosis

Renal Failure

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What symptoms urethral strictures appear?

Symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction

(sense of urgency then hesitancy) but then will show signs of infection

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What is the primary form of ED?

Inability to attain erection throughout life (never been able to get a functional erection)
Often due to long-standing psychiatric disorder

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What is the secondary form of ED?

No longer able to achieve normal erections.

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What are some causes of secondary ED?

Vascular disease
Medication
Endocrine disorder
Trauma

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Anything that alters ___ or ___ can lead to ED?

LH (primary- drives testosterone development) or FSH

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What is inflammatory process of urethra w/o concurrent bladder infection?

Urethritis

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What is urethritis normally due to?

STD

Gonococcal or non-gonococcal urethritis

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What are some symptoms of urethritis

Urethra tingling
Itching
Burning on urination
Frequency
Urgency

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What is an abnormal dilation of a vein in the spermatic cord?

Varicocele

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Where do varicocele normally occur?

On left side

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In older males, a varicocele may be a sign of what?

Late sign of renal tumor

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What causes a varicocele?

Incompetent or missing valve

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When do most males get a varicocele?

Right after puberty

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What is a collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis?

Hydrocele

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What is the most common cause of scrotal swelling?

Hydrocele

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How does a hydrocele cause atrophy?

Compresses blood supply

How does the primary form of hydrocele occur?

Unknown

What are causes of secondary hydrocele?

Trauma Infection Tumors

What is a painless diverticulum of epididymis?

Spermatocele

What is a spermatocele filled with?

Milky sperm-filled fluid

How does a spermatocele present?

Discrete, firm, | freely mobile mass distant from testis

What is a rotation of testis- twists blood vessels?

testicular torsion

What causes testicular torsion?

Can be spontaneous | Can follow exertion or trauma

What happens with testicular torsion?

Vascular engorgement and ischemia | Scrotal swelling and pain

Who most often gets testicular torsion?

Neonatals, pre-puberty males but can happen at any time

How much time do you have to resolve a testicular torsion?

6 hours to keep normal function

What is an inflammation of epididymis?

Epididymitis

Who gets epididymitis?

Sexually active males after puberty but before age 35 (often in young homosexual males) or if over 35- UTRI or prostatitis

What is the usual cause of epididymitis?

STD | Chemical inflammation

What is the chemical form (urine backflow) of epididymitis caused by?

Heavy lifting or straining

What are some complications of epididymitis?

Abscess formation Testicular infarction Recurrent infection Infertility

What is the good thing about testicular cancer?

``` Highly curable (>95% if found early) Rare ```

What age group does testicular cancer occur in?

Males b/w 15-35

What testis is testicular cancer often found on?

Right testis

Testicular cancer is normally what type of tumor

Germ cell tumors | Seminomas and non-seminiomas

What is the most common type of testicular cancer?

Seminomas (least agressive)

What is the first sign of a neoplasm of the testis?

Painless testicular enlargement

What is the absence or suppression of menstruation?

Amenorrhea

What causes the majority of amenorrhea?

Abnormal pattern of hormones

What hormone abnormalities cause amenorrhea?

Prevents estrogen production, fluctuations | high doses of progesterone, block action of estrogen

What is painful menstruation that limits normal activity?

Dysmenorrhea

When is dysmenorrhea worse?

The younger you are

Is dysmenorrhea related to a pathological condition?

Not in the primary form

What are common symptoms of dysmenorrhea?

Cramps in suprapubic region (sharp) Pain radiating to thigh and lower sacrum N/D/headache

What is implicated in dysmenorrhea?

Progesterone which triggers protaglandin release and these affect smooth muscle

What are symptoms of the secondary form of dysmenorrhea?

Dull pain increasing with age

What is treatment of dysmenorrhea focussed on?

Prostaglandins | Ibuprofen tends to helps

What can secondary dysmenorrhea be due to?

Endometrosis Leiomyomas Pelvic adhesions

What causes pelvic inflammatory disease?

An infection travels upwards into the organ(s) or the upper genital tract (even peritoneal cavity)

What is infection in the fallopian tubes?

Salpingitis

What is inflammation of ovaries?

Ooporitis

What 2 organisms cause PID?

Streptococcus (go through whole path) | Stphylococcus, gonocus (short cut)

In most situations, what type of infection is found in PID?

Polymicrobial infection

In PID what organisms cause changes to the endometrium?

Gonorrhea and chlamydia

What is the common first sign of PID?

Bilateral dull pain

WHat is an infection of the vagina by STDS and Candida albicans?

Vaginitis

What is the most common age to develop vaginitis?

15-24

What causes vaginitis?

Loss of local defenses- skin integrity, immune rxn, vaginal pH

What causes cervical cancer?

HPV, smoking, immunosuppression, poor nutrition

What does CIN stand for?

cervical intraepithelium neoplasia (very common)

In most canses of cervical cancers, pre-malignant lesions occur _____ years prior to invasive carcinoma?

10-12 years

What is the steps to the devleopment of cervical carcinoma?

Cervical dysplasia --> cervical carcinoma --> invasive carcinoma

Where does cervical cancer most commonly occur?

Squamous-columnar junction (transofmraiton zone)

What is the direct invasion of cervical caner into adjacent tissue. Usually asymptomatic

Invasive carcinoma

What type of cancer arises from glandular epithelium of uterine lining?

Endometrial cancer

Most patients who get endometrial cancer are what?

Post-menopausal

What is the primary risk factor of endometrial cancer?

Unoppposed estrogen exposure with resultant hyperplasia

What is protective against endometrial cancer?

Pregnancy | Oral contraceptives

What type of cancers are endometrial cancer usually?

Adenocarcinomas

What are signs of endometrial cancer?

Vaginal bleeding, pain, weight loss

How do you screen for endometrial cancer?

Endometrial biopsy

What are some risks for ovarian cancer?

Over 40, early menarche, late menopause, fertility drugs

What is protective against ovarian cancer?

Anything that suppresses ovulation

What is the cause of ovarian cancer?

Unknown, but tends to follow BRCA1 mutations

Most ovarian cancer tends to start where?

Epithelial (mono clonal)

Ovarian cancer is normally only diagnosed after what has occured?

Metastases

Ovarian cysts are more common with what imbalance?

Hormone

When do ovarian cysts typically appear?

Right after menarche or before menopause

What are the two types of ovarian cysts?

Follicular cysts or corpus luteum cysts

What are the cysts called in ovarian cysts?

Functional cysts

What causes ovarian cysts

When produced follicle (or multiple) are stimulated but not dominant follicle matures

How much follicles are stimulated each month?

120, but only 1 is dominant

What causes fallicular cysts?

Dominant follicle fails to rupture

What are symptoms of follicular cysts?

Bloatedness, swollen tender breasts, heavy or irregular menses

What usually happens with follicular cysts?

Usually regress or are absorbed

What are corpus luteum cysts due to?

Low LH and progesterone

In corpus luteum cysts what is it filled with?

Blood

What are symptoms of corpus luteum cysts?

Dull pelvic pain, amenorrhea, rupture may cause massive bleeding

What usually happens with corpus luteum cysts?

Usually regress spontaneously in non-pregnancy females

What is a condition that is due to functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus?

Endometriosis

What is a big contributing factor of endometriosis?

Retrograde menstruation (goes out of the infundibulum, a little bit happens every single month)