Neuro Special Sensory

Question 1

What are the three semicircular canals?

Answer 1

Anterior
Posterior
Lateral (horizontal)

Question 2

Where are the sensory cells found in the semicircular canals?

Answer 2

Ampulla

Question 3

When the head moves to the right, which way will the hair cells bend in the ampulla?

Answer 3

Will bend to the left

Question 4

When the endolymph moves in one direction, the vestibular nerve is stimulation and tells the brain the head is moving in the ______

Answer 4

Opposite direction

Question 5

What is the area where sensory hair cells in the cochlea reside?

Answer 5

Organ of Corti

Question 6

Where are sounds with low frequency heard?

Answer 6

Apex

Question 7

Where are sounds with high frequency heard?

Answer 7

Base

Question 8

What is the round window?

Answer 8

The relief valve for fluid coming through the cochlea

Question 9

Where do ossicles articulate with the cochlea?

Answer 9

At the oval window

Question 10

Where do auditory pathway fibers enter at?

Answer 10

The medulla

Question 11

Where is the lateral lemniscus pathway (auditory) going?

Answer 11

From the brainstem to the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus

Question 12

What is part of the reflex center for auditory sensation, activates by having fibers descend down the spinal cord to turn head towards loud noise.

Answer 12

Inferior coliculus

Question 13

What tract sends signals from the inferior colliculus down the spinal column for a head turn reflex?

Answer 13

Tectospinal tract

Question 14

In the auditory pathway, after going to the medial geniculate nucleus, what lobe do the fibers go to?

Answer 14

Temporal lobe at transverse gyrus (where auditory sensation first comes to conscious appreciation)

Question 15

From what ear to the right hemisphere is there more input to the auditory cortex?

Answer 15

Left ear

Question 16

What type of hearing loss is the result of a mechanical transmission problem from the middle ear structures?

Answer 16

Conductive hearing loss

Question 17

What is neural hearing loss due to?

Answer 17

Destruction or degeneration of the portion of the Organ of corti or Vestibulocochelar nerve

Question 18

What hair cells are initially lost in neural hearing loss?

Answer 18

Those that get rid of extra sounds. Makes this more difficult to hear in a noisy environment

Question 19

Do patients usually detect a hearing loss with a brainstem lesion involving the auditory pathway?

Answer 19

No, because of the crossed and uncrossed nature of the pathway

Question 20

Which is the dominant auditory cortex?

Answer 20

Left superior temporal gyrus

Question 21

What does a lesion in the left superior temporal gyrus result in?

Answer 21

Inability to understand own spoken language (sensory aphasia))

Question 22

What would a lesion in the non-dominant (right) auditory cortex result in?

Answer 22

Diminished ability to locate the source and direction of sound (but won’t be deaf)

Question 23

Where do input from the vestibular system go (3 places) ?

Answer 23

Cerebellum (via inferior cerebellar peduncle)
Spinal cord (vestibulospinal tracts) 
Nuclei that regulate eye movements (Via medial longitudinal fasiculus)

Question 24

What facilitates the anti-gravity muscles?

Answer 24

Vestibulospinal tract

Question 25

What is the organizing center for directing your eyes in a particular direction. It surrounds the abducens nucleus.

Answer 25

PPRF (paramedial pontine reticular formation)

Question 26

What two structures does the medial longitudinal fasiculus connect?

Answer 26

Connects the vestibular path with the ocular nuclei

Question 27

If you move your head to the right, your eyes conjugately move to the ___?

Answer 27

Left

Question 28

What is oscillating, conjugate, slow movement of eyes in one direction followed by a rapid movement in the opposite direction. Normal response to head movement or moving visual target.

Answer 28

Nystagmus

Question 29

Which semicircular canal is very close to the tympanic membrane?

Answer 29

lateral semicircular canal

Question 30

Putting cold water into the external auditory canal causes a nystagmus in which direction?

Answer 30

Opposite direction

Question 31

Putting warm water into the external auditory canal causes a nystagmus in which direction?

Answer 31

Same direction

Question 32

What is a general term that refers to a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasiculus?

Answer 32

Internuclear opthalmoplegia | affected eye unable to adduct when other eye moves laterally

Question 33

What are the three layers of the eye from inner to outer?

Answer 33

Retina (pigmented epithelium) Choroid (vascular) Sclera (connective)

Question 34

What is the pupil?

Answer 34

A hole

Question 35

Where is your vision focussed all the time?

Answer 35

Fovea

Question 36

The retina is a ___ neuron chain?

Answer 36

Three

Question 37

What neuron's axons form the optic nerve?

Answer 37

Ganglion neurons

Question 38

What do the pigmented epithelium provide to the rods and cones?

Answer 38

Nutrients (via diffusion) | Surrond light sensitive tip so only that particular rod or cone is activated

Question 39

Why do the rods and cones need nutrients via diffusion?

Answer 39

They are avascular

Question 40

Rod and cones are continually ____

Answer 40

Renewed

Question 41

Where is the only place where the retina is attached?

Answer 41

Optic disk near the cilliary muscle.

Question 42

When a retina is detached from the choroid, what makes it worse?

Answer 42

Fluid or blood accumulation | Worse in the macula

Question 43

Do the layers of the retina extend into the fovea?

Answer 43

No- it's only the rods and cones that are in the fovea

Question 44

If there is an increase in the ICP, where is the pressure also exerted and what does it lead to?

Answer 44

On the back of the eyeball Can occlude blood vessels Leads to papilledema

Question 45

What chamber is the filtration (irdial) chamber located in?

Answer 45

Anterior

Question 46

What constantly produces the aqueous humor?

Answer 46

Ciliary body epithelium (in posterior chamber)

Question 47

How does aqueous humor get to the anterior chamber and then to be drained?

Answer 47

Through the pupil into anterior angle then into filtration angle

Question 48

What does the ciliary body do?

Answer 48

Causes lens to increase/ decrease in anterior/ posterior direction (accommodation)

Question 49

What chamber is the ciliary body in?

Answer 49

Posterior chamber

Question 50

Parasympathetic innervation causes the pupil to: _______

Answer 50

Constrict

Question 51

Sympathetic innervation causes the pupil to ____

Answer 51

Dilate

Question 52

What is the most refractive structure in the eye?

Answer 52

Cornea

Question 53

What is the difference between open and closed angle glaucoma?

Answer 53

In close angle there is a physical structure that is causing glaucome

Question 54

Do the nasal or temporal retinal fibers cross?

Answer 54

Nasal

Question 55

What would a lesion in the optic chiasm result in?

Answer 55

Bitemporal hemianopsia | nasal fibers can't cross

Question 56

What type shape is the retina?

Answer 56

Bowl-shaped

Question 57

What makes up the right visual field?

Answer 57

Temporal fibers from the right eye | Nasal fibers from the left eye

Question 58

If you have a lesion in the left retina or left optic nerve, where will you have blindness?

Answer 58

Left eye

Question 59

If you have a lesion in the optic chiasm, what will happen

Answer 59

Bitemporal hemianopsia Temporal parts of visual fields are lost because nasal parts are responsible for temporal visual field, and they are unable to cross

Question 60

What does a lesion in the optic tract cause?

Answer 60

Homonoymous hemianopsia | Contralateral part of the visual field is lost

Question 61

Where do neurons from the eyes synapse in the cortex initially ?

Answer 61

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 62

Where do visual fibers end?

Answer 62

Medial aspect of the occipital lobe

Question 63

The upper part of the left visual cortex sees.....?

Answer 63

Lower part of the right visual field

Question 64

If an individual has a quadrantanopias in the right upper eye, where is the lesion most likely?

Answer 64

The left lower aspect of the temporal cortex

Question 65

What artery supplies the visual cortex?

Answer 65

Posterior cerebral artery

Question 66

Where is your interpretation of what you see occurs (lobes)?

Answer 66

Parietal lobe | Base of temporal lobe

Question 67

What artery supplies the visual association areas (temporal and parietal lobes)?

Answer 67

Middle cerebral

Question 68

What part of the visual association area interprets "where, how big, how far, motion"

Answer 68

Parietal lobe (superior)

Question 69

What part of the visual association area interprets "what, name, form, color"

Answer 69

Ventral surface of temporal lobe

Question 70

What are the two types of eye fields found in the cortex?

Answer 70

Frontal eye field | Parietal eye field

Question 71

Which eye field is continually generating saccades and searching for a target?

Answer 71

Frontal eye field

Question 72

Which eye field follows a target (ex- bird flying through air) ?

Answer 72

Parietal eye field

Question 73

Which CN provides parasympathetic innervation to the eye?

Answer 73

oculomotor nerve (III)

Question 74

What is the light reflex center of the brain?

Answer 74

``` Pretectal area (connect to CN III on both sides) Allows for consensual response ```

Question 75

What pathway activates the sympathetic innervation to the dilator?

Answer 75

pretectal area

Question 76

If the there is a lesion in a right optic nerve, and you shin a light in the left eye, will the right even respond by constricting?

Answer 76

Yes | Oculomotor nerve to right eyes is not damaged, so it will still show indirect response

Question 77

If you have a right oculomotor lesion and you shine light in the eye, will the right eye constrict? What about the left?

Answer 77

Right eye will not constrict because the oculomotor nerve is not working (constrictor can't be activated) Fibers still get through to midbrain so left eye will constrict (consensual response)

Question 78

Innervation of the dilator of the pupil is a _______ function.

Answer 78

Sympathetic

Question 79

How does sympathetic nervous input get to the eye to tell it to dilate?

Answer 79

Pretectal area send axons down through brainstem into upper spinal cord where they synapse on preganglionic neurons which then synapse on a second neuron to stimulate the dilator

Question 80

What happens as a result of a lesion into the sympathetic control of the pupil?

Answer 80

Horner's syndrome (small pupils, ptosis, diminished sweating, vasodilation)

Question 81

What is anhidrosis?

Answer 81

Diminished sweating

Question 82

Sensation from the cornea is supplied by what nerve?

Answer 82

Trigeminal

Question 83

Activation of the orbicularis oculii is by what cranial nerve?

Answer 83

Facial (VII)

Question 84

Activation of the corneal response happen by input from the cornea by way of CN ___ and output to the _______ by way of the facial nerve?

Answer 84

``` CN V (trigeminal) orbicularis oculii ```

Question 85

What CN opens the eye?

Answer 85

Oculomotor (III) innervating levatator palpebrae

Question 86

Which CN closes the eye?

Answer 86

Facial (VII)

Question 87

What is an arterio-venous malformation?

Answer 87

Tangle of abnormal vessels

Question 88

What would atrophy of the left medial occipital lobe lead to?

Answer 88

Right homonymous hemianopsia

Question 89

Activation of the orbicularis oculii is by what cranial nerve?

Answer 89

Facial (VII)

Question 90

Activation of the corneal response happen by input from the ______ by way of the cornea and output to the _______ by way of the facial nerve?

Answer 90

cornea | orbicularis oculii

Question 91

What CN opens the eye?

Answer 91

Oculomotor (III) innervating levatator palpebrae

Question 92

Which CN closes the eye?

Answer 92

Facial (VII)