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Medical Phys II > Normal Resp > Flashcards

Normal Resp Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is transmural pressure?

A

Pressure inside the container minus the pressure outside the container

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2
Q

What does the positive transpulmonary pressure do?

A

Works to expand the container

Thorax expands and lungs follow

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3
Q

What does a negative transpulmonary l pressure do?

A

Works to collapse the container

Elastic recoil in the lungs

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4
Q

What is the elastic recoil pressure?

A

The natural tendency of lungs to collapse

Due to connective tissue and surface tension in the alveoli

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5
Q

What pressure opposes the lungs recoil pressure?

A

Transpulmonary pressure

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6
Q

An increase compliance means there is ____ recoil force

A

less

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7
Q

Decreased compliance means there is ____ recoil force

A

More

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8
Q

What is pleural pressure?

A

The negative pressure of the pleural cavity

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9
Q

What is compliance?

A

The extent the lungs expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure (pleural pressure minus alveolar pressure)

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10
Q

What is a surface active agent which greatly reduces the surface tension in the alveoli?

A

Surfactant

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11
Q

What is the naturally occuring contractile force for all of the air spaces within the lungs?

A

Surface tension elastic force

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12
Q

What is the normal volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath?

A

Tidal volume

500 mL

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13
Q

What is the extra volume of air that can be inspired over and beyond the normal tidal volume?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

3000 mL

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14
Q

What is the extra amount of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration?

A

Expiratory reserve volume

1100 mL

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15
Q

What is the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration?

A

Residual volume

1200 mL

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16
Q

What is minute respiratory volume?

A

Tidal volume x respiratory rate
The total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute
6 L/ minute in men 5 L/ minute in women

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17
Q

What keep us from completely saturating our blooding to carrying capacity?

A

Physiological shunts

blood leaks between ventilatory system and bronchioles

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18
Q

How are the pulmonary arteries able to accommodate about 2/3 of the stroke volume output of the right ventricle each time the heart beats?

A

They are very thin and distensible- giving them a large compliance

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19
Q

What part of the lung is the most pressure needed to get blood to?

A

The apex

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20
Q

What are the three factors that influence diffusion in the lungs?

A

Concentration gradient
Surface area
Membrane thickness

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21
Q

What is the most important factor for gas exchange in normal physiology?

A

Concentration gradient

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22
Q

What is the driving pressure for bulk flow in the airways?

A

Barometric pressure at the mouth minus alveolar pressure

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23
Q

What is a metabolically active gas?

A

One that is exchange across the membrane
ex- oxygen use in ATP production
CO2- Krebs cycle

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24
Q

What is an inert gas?

A

Not exchange across tissue membranes

Ex- nitrogen

25
Q

What is a partial pressure of a gas?

A

pressures that the individual gases would exert if each gas were present alone in the volume occupies by the whole mixture at the same temperature

26
Q

What happens to the partial pressures of gases when air saturates with water?

A

Decreases

27
Q

What happens to air in the conducting zone?

A

Warmed to 37 C and 100% saturated

28
Q

PO2 gradients is _____ from alveoli to blood

A

large

29
Q

PCO2 gradient is _____ from blood to alveoli

A

small

30
Q

lung diffusion capacity of O2 is _____

A

small

31
Q

Lung diffusion capacity for CO2 is _____

A

large

32
Q

what relationship must be balanced for the lungs to operate optimally?

A

Ventilation- perfusion

33
Q

What happens with lung overinflation?

A

Doesn’t allow normal alveolar partial pressures to be maintained

34
Q

What happens with lung under-inflation?

A

there is inadequte O2 uptake and CO2 removal

35
Q

What is the ideal alveolar ventilation perfusion ratio?

A

0.8

36
Q

What is the normal resp rate in children?

A

18-24 resp/ min

37
Q

What is the normal resp rate in infants?

A

40-60/ minute

38
Q

What is the respiratory center?

A

Several groups of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla

39
Q

What are the four components of the respiratory center?

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
Pneumotaxic Center
Apneustic center

40
Q

What does the pnemotaxic center do?

A

controls the “switch-off” point of the inspiratory ramp, limits inspiration

41
Q

What doe the apneustic center do?

A

Inhibits the pneumotaxic center; stops the switch off signal

42
Q

What 2 parts are found in the pontine areas?

A

Pneumotaxic center

Apneustic center

43
Q

What does the pontine area do?

A

Stabilizes respiratory rhythm and depth

44
Q

What two parts are in the medullary rhythmicity area?

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

45
Q

What does the medullary rhythmicity area do?

A

Rhythm generator- delivers reptitive bursts of action potentials (pacemaker potentials)

46
Q

What does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) do?

A

Stimulates phrenic nerve to drive the diaphragm and intercostal nerves to control external intercostal muscles (ramp signal)

47
Q

What does the ventral respiratory group (VRG) do?

A

Contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons
Inspiratory- accessory muscles of inspiration
expiratory- internal intercostals and abdominal muscles for ACTIVE expiration

48
Q

the ventral respiratory group is _____ during normal breathing and becomes active during _____

A

Quiescent; exercise

49
Q

What does the pneumotaxic center transmit signals to? what does it do?

A

DRG; control the “switch off” of inspiration

Limits inspiration

50
Q

What is apneusis?

A

abnormal breathing pattern with prolonged inspiratory gaps followed by brief expiratory movement

51
Q

What does stimulation of the apneustic center cause?

A

Apneusis

52
Q

What two centers does the DRG recieve input from?

A

Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

53
Q

Chemoreceptors are primarily drive by ___

A

CO2

54
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Increased arterial PCO2

Act by way of increasing CSF (H+)

55
Q

What are carotid bodies sensitive to?

A

PaO2 (think low O2)
PaCO2
pH

56
Q

What are aortic bodies not sensitive to?

A

pH

57
Q

What does the Hering- Breuer Reflex prevent?

A

Overinflation- terminates inspiration, prolongs expiration

58
Q

What to juxtapulmonary receptors (J-Receptors) respond to?

A

Increased interstitial volume

Medical Phys II (16 decks)

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