Reproductive Normal Flashcards
1
Q
What is the sac enclosing the testes?
A
Scrotum
2
Q
What muscle wrinkles the skin of the scrotum?
A
Dartos muscle
3
Q
What muscle elevates the testes?
A
Cremaster muscle
4
Q
What do the two muscles of the scrotum help maintain?
A
Proper temperature
5
Q
What are the two tunics of the testis deep to fascia?
A
Tunica vaginalis- outer layer (peritoneum)
Tunica albuginea- fibrous inner connective tissue
6
Q
Why do testes need to be a lower temperature than the rest of the body?
A
Maturation of sperm cells
7
Q
Extensions of the tunica albuginea inward divides the testes into _______.
A
Lobules
8
Q
Each lobule in the testis contains ______ seminiferous tubules
A
1-4
9
Q
What is the site of sperm production?
A
Seminiferous tubules
10
Q
What receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules- maturation area
A
Rete testis
11
Q
What transport sperm from rete testies to epididymis?
A
Efferent ductules
12
Q
What is the long term for sperm maturation?
A
Epipdidymis
13
Q
What abilities do sperm gain during maturation?
A
Swimming ability Acrosome development (egg penetration)
14
Q
How long does sperm cells maturation take in the epididymis?
A
20 days to 3 months
15
Q
How much sperm production can be stored in the epididymis.
A
6 months worth
16
Q
What are interstitial cells b/w seminiferous tubules. Produce testosterone.
A
Leydig cells
17
Q
What is a fibrous connective tissue sheath that moves through the inguinal canal. Encloses ductus defrens, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics.
A
Spermatic cord
18
Q
What is a single ventral column that surround the urethra- expands to form glans and bulb.
A
Corpus spongiosum
19
Q
What is the name of paired dorsal columns that expands to form crura?
A
Corpus cavernosa
20
Q
When the erectile tissue expands, what gets obstructed?
A
Venous outflow
21
Q
What are the three regions of the penis?
A
Root- proximal internal
Shaft- medial external
Glans- distal cone shaped
22
Q
What 2 things does the glans include?
A
External urethral opening
Prepuce (foreskin)
23
Q
How long is the epididymis?
A
20 inches long
24
Q
WHat are the three aspects of the epididymis?
A
Caput, corpus, cauda
head, body, tail
25
What aspect of the testis is the epididymis on?
Superior and posterolateral surface of testis
26
What carries sperm cells from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
Dusctus defrens (vas defrens)
27
WHat is the name of the terminal end of the ductus deferens?
Ampulla
28
How long is the ductus deferens?
18 inches long
29
What is formed by union of amuplla of vas deferenes and duct of seminal vesicle. Passes through prostate and into prostatic urethra.
Ejaculatory duct
30
What conveys semen to body surface and also has urinary functions.
Urethra
31
What two things are in semen?
Seminal fluid and sperm
32
What do male accessory glands produce?
Secrete substances that form seminal fluid
33
Where are seminal vesicles located?
Posterior to bladder
34
How much of the seminal fluid comes from the seminal vesicles?
60 %
35
Alkaline secretion from the seminal vesicles do what?
Neutralize pH in female's body
36
Why does seminal fluid contain fructose?
Energy source for the mitochondria
37
Where are the mitochondria located in sperm?
Mid part, helps to power the tail
38
What encircles the urethra and contains the ejaculatory duct. Secretions make up 33% of seminal fluid
Prostate gland
39
Seminal fluid from the prostate gland gives enzymes for what?
Sperm activation (enables enzymes to chew through outside of the egg)
40
What is the job of the bulbourethral glands (cowper's glands)
Alkaline mucus
41
What does the alkaline mucus from the bulbourethral glands do?
Neutralize the pH in the male's urethra
42
__________ is a parasympathetic spinal reflex whereas ____________ is sympathetic.
Erection- parasympathetic
| Ejaculation- sympathetic
43
The release of what causes vasodilation and engorgement?
NO (nitrous oxide)
44
What prevents black flow of semen to the bladder?
Internal urinary sphincter
45
What does type A daughter cell do?
Stays at peripheral of seminiferious tubule
46
Where does the type B daughter cell go?
Moves toward lumen and differenciates into primary spermatocyte
47
What undergoes meiosis I and produces two secondary spermatocytes?
Primary spermatocytes
48
What is the process by which spermatids become sperm?
Sperminogenesis
49
What undergoes meiosis II and produces two spermatids each?
Secondary spermatocytes
50
What 4 things happen during spermiogenesis?
Excess cytoplasm lost
Midpiece production (mitochondria)
Flagellum produced
Acrosome produced
51
What can lumenal sperm do?
Basically nothing- need to go through maturation steps to be able to swim or penetrate ovum
52
What do sustentacular (Sertoli) cells do?
Wrap around cells in development and support and nourish them
53
What forms the blood-testis barrier?
Tight junctions between sustentacular cells
54
WHat does the basal compartment contain?
Spermatogonia (stem cells, Type A, Type B)
55
What 4 things compose the brain-testicular axis?
GnRH, LH, FSH, testes
56
What causes Sertoli cells to release ABP (androgen binding protein)
FSH
57
What hormone cuases Leydig cells (interstitial cells) to release testosterone?
LH
58
What is released by Sertoli cells when sperm count is too high?
Inhibin
59
What does inhibin do?
Inhibits FSH, but doesn't inhibit testosterone
60
What does testosterone do?
Develop and maintain accessory sex organs and secondary sex characteristics
Increased BMR
Libido (male and female)
61
What are the two tunics of the ovaries?
Geminal epithelium- outer, simple cubodial
| Tunica albuginea- inner- fibrous connective tissue
62
What contains developing oocyte?
Ovarian follicles (contain many layers)
63
What stage are the follicles in when a girl is born?
Primordial (primitive)
64
What are the stages of the oocyte/ follicle?
```
Primoridial (primitive)
Primary
Secondary
Graafian (mature)
Corpus Luteum
Corpus albicans
```
65
What ends from ovary to uterus and transports the ovum?
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes, oviducts)
66
What are the three parts of the uterine tubes?
Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum
67
What is the constricted region of the uterine tubes near the uterus?
Isthmus
68
What is the expanded region around the ovary in the uterine tubes. Most common site of fertilization
Ampulla
69
What is the distal end of the fallopian where it comes in contact with the ovary.
Infundibulum
70
What are the two layers of the fallopian tube?
Mucosa- ciliated simple columnar
| Muscularis- peristalsis
71
What are the three regions of the uterus?
Fundus
Body
Cervix
72
Uterus is ______ to the bladder.
Posterior
73
What part of the uterus sticks over the bladder?
Fundus
74
What are the two layers of the endometrium?
```
Stratum functionale (superior)
Stratum basale
```
75
What layer is shed during menstruation?
Stratum functionale
76
What types arteries serve the stratum functionale?
Spiral arteries
77
What type arteries serve the stratum basale?
Straight arteries
78
If a women doesn't get pregnant, what happens to spiral arteries?
Get cut off and endometrium is shed
79
What is the thick middle smooth muscle layer of the uterus?
Myometrium
80
What makes up the outer visceral peritoneum of the uterus?
Perimetrium
81
What is the muscular tube from cervix to exterior?
Vagina
82
What are the two regions of the vagina?
Fornix- area surrounding cervix
| Vaginal orifice- distal opening
83
What are the three layers of the vagina?
Mucosa- non-keratinized stratified squamous
Muscularis- middle smooth muscle layer
Adventitia- outer connective tissue layer
84
What is adipose pad overlying the pubic bone in females?
Mons pubis
85
What is the outermost hair covered skin folds?
Labia majora
86
What are the inner hairless skin folds that line the vestibule?
Labia minora
87
What is inside the labia minora?
Vestibule
88
From superior to inferior what are in the vestibule?
Clitoris
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Vestibular (Bartholin's) glands
89
What do the vestibular glands do in the female?
Keep the area moistened
90
WHat divides by mitosis to form primary oocytes?
Oogonia (stem cells)
91
What begin meiosis I and arrest at prophase I until puberty?
Primary oocytes
92
One oogonia in a female becomes ____ oocyte.
One
93
When does the secondary oocyte arrest?
Metaphase II
94
When does meiosis finish?
At fertilization
| Produces ovum and second polar body
95
What days during the ovulation cycle does the follicular phase happen?
Days 1-13
96
During the follicular phase what does the primary follicle turn into?
Secondary follicle
| Follicular cells stratify into granulosa cells
97
What forms around follicle to produce androgens- converted to estrogens (follicular phase). Responds to lutenizing hormone
Theca folliculi
98
What is a glycoprotein coat on the outside of the oocyte when you have a secondary follicle. Prevents any sperm from getting into the egg. Species specificity
Zona pellucida
99
How many sperm cells can fertilize an egg with no zona pellucida?
As many as fit
100
What does a secondary follicle become?
Graffian
101
What triggers ovulation?
LH surge
102
Up to day 14 what is the dominate hormone?
Estrogen
103
After day 15 what is the dominante hormone?
Progesterone
104
Where is the luteal phase?
Day 15-28
105
What does the corpus luteum degenerate to?
Cospus albicans
106
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
Progesterone
107
WHat do the corona radiata?
Go with the secondary oocyte at time of ovulations
108
What stimulates the synthesis and release of FSH and LH on Day 1 of the ovarian cycle?
rising GnRH
109
What causes thecal cells to produce androgens?
LH
110
What causes granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogens?
FSH
111
HIgh _____ levels produce positive feedback on production of LH and FSH.
estrogen
112
What do high levels of progesterone prevent?
Prevent ovulation
113
When LH levels drop, what distintegrates?
Corpus luteum
114
What days is the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
Days 1-5
115
What happens during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
stratum functionale is shed
116
During the menstrual cycle, what days does the proliferative phase?
6-14
117
During which phase of the menstrual cycle do rising estrogen rebuild endometrium?
Proliferative phase
118
During what phase of the menstrual cycle do rising progesterone prepare uterus for implantation?
secretory phase: Days 15-28
119
What hormone develops and maintains accessory sex organs and secondary sex characteristics as well as metabolic effects. Effects calcium metabolism
Estrogen
120
What prepares breasts for lactation?
Progesterone
