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Medical Phys II > Reproductive Normal > Flashcards

Reproductive Normal Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the sac enclosing the testes?

A

Scrotum

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2
Q

What muscle wrinkles the skin of the scrotum?

A

Dartos muscle

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3
Q

What muscle elevates the testes?

A

Cremaster muscle

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4
Q

What do the two muscles of the scrotum help maintain?

A

Proper temperature

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5
Q

What are the two tunics of the testis deep to fascia?

A

Tunica vaginalis- outer layer (peritoneum)

Tunica albuginea- fibrous inner connective tissue

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6
Q

Why do testes need to be a lower temperature than the rest of the body?

A

Maturation of sperm cells

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7
Q

Extensions of the tunica albuginea inward divides the testes into _______.

A

Lobules

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8
Q

Each lobule in the testis contains ______ seminiferous tubules

A

1-4

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9
Q

What is the site of sperm production?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

What receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules- maturation area

A

Rete testis

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11
Q

What transport sperm from rete testies to epididymis?

A

Efferent ductules

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12
Q

What is the long term for sperm maturation?

A

Epipdidymis

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13
Q

What abilities do sperm gain during maturation?

A 
Swimming ability
Acrosome development (egg penetration)
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14
Q

How long does sperm cells maturation take in the epididymis?

A

20 days to 3 months

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15
Q

How much sperm production can be stored in the epididymis.

A

6 months worth

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16
Q

What are interstitial cells b/w seminiferous tubules. Produce testosterone.

A

Leydig cells

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17
Q

What is a fibrous connective tissue sheath that moves through the inguinal canal. Encloses ductus defrens, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics.

A

Spermatic cord

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18
Q

What is a single ventral column that surround the urethra- expands to form glans and bulb.

A

Corpus spongiosum

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19
Q

What is the name of paired dorsal columns that expands to form crura?

A

Corpus cavernosa

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20
Q

When the erectile tissue expands, what gets obstructed?

A

Venous outflow

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21
Q

What are the three regions of the penis?

A

Root- proximal internal
Shaft- medial external
Glans- distal cone shaped

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22
Q

What 2 things does the glans include?

A

External urethral opening

Prepuce (foreskin)

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23
Q

How long is the epididymis?

A

20 inches long

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24
Q

WHat are the three aspects of the epididymis?

A

Caput, corpus, cauda

head, body, tail

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25
Q

What aspect of the testis is the epididymis on?

A

Superior and posterolateral surface of testis

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26
Q

What carries sperm cells from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

A

Dusctus defrens (vas defrens)

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27
Q

WHat is the name of the terminal end of the ductus deferens?

A

Ampulla

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28
Q

How long is the ductus deferens?

A

18 inches long

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29
Q

What is formed by union of amuplla of vas deferenes and duct of seminal vesicle. Passes through prostate and into prostatic urethra.

A

Ejaculatory duct

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30
Q

What conveys semen to body surface and also has urinary functions.

A

Urethra

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31
Q

What two things are in semen?

A

Seminal fluid and sperm

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32
Q

What do male accessory glands produce?

A

Secrete substances that form seminal fluid

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33
Q

Where are seminal vesicles located?

A

Posterior to bladder

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34
Q

How much of the seminal fluid comes from the seminal vesicles?

A

60 %

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35
Q

Alkaline secretion from the seminal vesicles do what?

A

Neutralize pH in female’s body

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36
Q

Why does seminal fluid contain fructose?

A

Energy source for the mitochondria

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37
Q

Where are the mitochondria located in sperm?

A

Mid part, helps to power the tail

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38
Q

What encircles the urethra and contains the ejaculatory duct. Secretions make up 33% of seminal fluid

A

Prostate gland

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39
Q

Seminal fluid from the prostate gland gives enzymes for what?

A

Sperm activation (enables enzymes to chew through outside of the egg)

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40
Q

What is the job of the bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands)

A

Alkaline mucus

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41
Q

What does the alkaline mucus from the bulbourethral glands do?

A

Neutralize the pH in the male’s urethra

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42
Q

__________ is a parasympathetic spinal reflex whereas ____________ is sympathetic.

A

Erection- parasympathetic

Ejaculation- sympathetic

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43
Q

The release of what causes vasodilation and engorgement?

A

NO (nitrous oxide)

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44
Q

What prevents black flow of semen to the bladder?

A

Internal urinary sphincter

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45
Q

What does type A daughter cell do?

A

Stays at peripheral of seminiferious tubule

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46
Q

Where does the type B daughter cell go?

A

Moves toward lumen and differenciates into primary spermatocyte

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47
Q

What undergoes meiosis I and produces two secondary spermatocytes?

A

Primary spermatocytes

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48
Q

What is the process by which spermatids become sperm?

A

Sperminogenesis

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49
Q

What undergoes meiosis II and produces two spermatids each?

A

Secondary spermatocytes

50
Q

What 4 things happen during spermiogenesis?

A

Excess cytoplasm lost
Midpiece production (mitochondria)
Flagellum produced
Acrosome produced

51
Q

What can lumenal sperm do?

A

Basically nothing- need to go through maturation steps to be able to swim or penetrate ovum

52
Q

What do sustentacular (Sertoli) cells do?

A

Wrap around cells in development and support and nourish them

53
Q

What forms the blood-testis barrier?

A

Tight junctions between sustentacular cells

54
Q

WHat does the basal compartment contain?

A

Spermatogonia (stem cells, Type A, Type B)

55
Q

What 4 things compose the brain-testicular axis?

A

GnRH, LH, FSH, testes

56
Q

What causes Sertoli cells to release ABP (androgen binding protein)

A

FSH

57
Q

What hormone cuases Leydig cells (interstitial cells) to release testosterone?

A

LH

58
Q

What is released by Sertoli cells when sperm count is too high?

A

Inhibin

59
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

Inhibits FSH, but doesn’t inhibit testosterone

60
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Develop and maintain accessory sex organs and secondary sex characteristics
Increased BMR
Libido (male and female)

61
Q

What are the two tunics of the ovaries?

A

Geminal epithelium- outer, simple cubodial

Tunica albuginea- inner- fibrous connective tissue

62
Q

What contains developing oocyte?

A

Ovarian follicles (contain many layers)

63
Q

What stage are the follicles in when a girl is born?

A

Primordial (primitive)

64
Q

What are the stages of the oocyte/ follicle?

A 
Primoridial (primitive)
Primary
Secondary
Graafian (mature)
Corpus Luteum
Corpus albicans
65
Q

What ends from ovary to uterus and transports the ovum?

A

Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes, oviducts)

66
Q

What are the three parts of the uterine tubes?

A

Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum

67
Q

What is the constricted region of the uterine tubes near the uterus?

A

Isthmus

68
Q

What is the expanded region around the ovary in the uterine tubes. Most common site of fertilization

A

Ampulla

69
Q

What is the distal end of the fallopian where it comes in contact with the ovary.

A

Infundibulum

70
Q

What are the two layers of the fallopian tube?

A

Mucosa- ciliated simple columnar

Muscularis- peristalsis

71
Q

What are the three regions of the uterus?

A

Fundus
Body
Cervix

72
Q

Uterus is ______ to the bladder.

A

Posterior

73
Q

What part of the uterus sticks over the bladder?

A

Fundus

74
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A 
Stratum functionale (superior)
Stratum basale
75
Q

What layer is shed during menstruation?

A

Stratum functionale

76
Q

What types arteries serve the stratum functionale?

A

Spiral arteries

77
Q

What type arteries serve the stratum basale?

A

Straight arteries

78
Q

If a women doesn’t get pregnant, what happens to spiral arteries?

A

Get cut off and endometrium is shed

79
Q

What is the thick middle smooth muscle layer of the uterus?

A

Myometrium

80
Q

What makes up the outer visceral peritoneum of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium

81
Q

What is the muscular tube from cervix to exterior?

A

Vagina

82
Q

What are the two regions of the vagina?

A

Fornix- area surrounding cervix

Vaginal orifice- distal opening

83
Q

What are the three layers of the vagina?

A

Mucosa- non-keratinized stratified squamous
Muscularis- middle smooth muscle layer
Adventitia- outer connective tissue layer

84
Q

What is adipose pad overlying the pubic bone in females?

A

Mons pubis

85
Q

What is the outermost hair covered skin folds?

A

Labia majora

86
Q

What are the inner hairless skin folds that line the vestibule?

A

Labia minora

87
Q

What is inside the labia minora?

A

Vestibule

88
Q

From superior to inferior what are in the vestibule?

A

Clitoris
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

89
Q

What do the vestibular glands do in the female?

A

Keep the area moistened

90
Q

WHat divides by mitosis to form primary oocytes?

A

Oogonia (stem cells)

91
Q

What begin meiosis I and arrest at prophase I until puberty?

A

Primary oocytes

92
Q

One oogonia in a female becomes ____ oocyte.

A

One

93
Q

When does the secondary oocyte arrest?

A

Metaphase II

94
Q

When does meiosis finish?

A

At fertilization

Produces ovum and second polar body

95
Q

What days during the ovulation cycle does the follicular phase happen?

A

Days 1-13

96
Q

During the follicular phase what does the primary follicle turn into?

A

Secondary follicle

Follicular cells stratify into granulosa cells

97
Q

What forms around follicle to produce androgens- converted to estrogens (follicular phase). Responds to lutenizing hormone

A

Theca folliculi

98
Q

What is a glycoprotein coat on the outside of the oocyte when you have a secondary follicle. Prevents any sperm from getting into the egg. Species specificity

A

Zona pellucida

99
Q

How many sperm cells can fertilize an egg with no zona pellucida?

A

As many as fit

100
Q

What does a secondary follicle become?

A

Graffian

101
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

LH surge

102
Q

Up to day 14 what is the dominate hormone?

A

Estrogen

103
Q

After day 15 what is the dominante hormone?

A

Progesterone

104
Q

Where is the luteal phase?

A

Day 15-28

105
Q

What does the corpus luteum degenerate to?

A

Cospus albicans

106
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone

107
Q

WHat do the corona radiata?

A

Go with the secondary oocyte at time of ovulations

108
Q

What stimulates the synthesis and release of FSH and LH on Day 1 of the ovarian cycle?

A

rising GnRH

109
Q

What causes thecal cells to produce androgens?

A

LH

110
Q

What causes granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogens?

A

FSH

111
Q

HIgh _____ levels produce positive feedback on production of LH and FSH.

A

estrogen

112
Q

What do high levels of progesterone prevent?

A

Prevent ovulation

113
Q

When LH levels drop, what distintegrates?

A

Corpus luteum

114
Q

What days is the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Days 1-5

115
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A

stratum functionale is shed

116
Q

During the menstrual cycle, what days does the proliferative phase?

A

6-14

117
Q

During which phase of the menstrual cycle do rising estrogen rebuild endometrium?

A

Proliferative phase

118
Q

During what phase of the menstrual cycle do rising progesterone prepare uterus for implantation?

A

secretory phase: Days 15-28

119
Q

What hormone develops and maintains accessory sex organs and secondary sex characteristics as well as metabolic effects. Effects calcium metabolism

A

Estrogen

120
Q

What prepares breasts for lactation?

A

Progesterone

Medical Phys II (16 decks)

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