Description to Name Flashcards
Produces Oxytocin, ADH.
Parventricular nucleus
Setup dinural rhythms
Preoptic and suprachiasmic nucleus
Has glucose receptors, where the satiety center is located. Stimulated by an increased in leptin
Ventral medial nucleus of hypothalamus
Regulates anterior lobe of pituitary
Arcuate nucleus (endocrine)
Feeding center. Stimulated by a decrease in leptin.
Lateral hypothalamus
General term for medial basal part of frontal lobe.
Septal areas
Where leptin receptors reside
Arcuate nucleus
Biggest input to this structure is light from retina that is conveyed here via optic nerve. Regulates function with respect to environmental light via reticular formation.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Main center of control of visceral and endocrine function
Hypothalamus
Clusters of neurons that lie in the central portion of the brainstem. Related to various kinds of rhythmic functions controlled by the hypothalamus. Have descending axons that regulate CV and resp rhythms, muscle tone and reflexes, modulate pain
Reticular formation
Projections of serotonin from here have to do with keeping the brain awake. There are 2 clusters- those that keep you awake, those that modulate pain.
Raphe’ nuclei
Rate of this is high is wakefulness and low in sleep. Absent in REM. Facilitates cognitive activities, pain modulations
Serotonin
This NT plays a role in altertness, suppresses REM, and role in pain modulation
Norepinephrine
Can downregulate norepinephrine or serotonin.
Hypothalamus
Name the two NT that regulate the sleep cycle
Norepi and Serotonin
These two structure have influence over parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations
Hypothalamus and reticular formation
Axons that connect hypothalamus with spinal cord
Reticulospinal tracts
Mechanism for maintaining consciousness
Ascending reticular activating system
All of these structures are ____ structures
Hippocampus, medial forebrain, spetal areas, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hypothalamus anterior & mediodorsal thalamic nuclei
Limbic structures
Has clusters related to reward and punnishment complex. Drives you to seek pleasure
Cingulate gyrus
Projects to the frontal lobes where you weight decisions back and forth.
Dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus
Clusters of neurons in the thalamus that project to the cingulate gyrus or frontal nucleus
Papez circuit
Gatekeeper of the cortex. Allows new information to get through. Plays a large role in memory and learning. Plays a role in memory retrieval (theory). Integrates cerebellar and basal ganglia activities with the flow of sensory information. Key role in maintaining consciousness and attention.
Thalamus
In regards to memory this structure evaluates all incoming information and deletes almost all except that which is relevant.
Limbic system (frontal lobe)
This type memory involves details, time, place, emotional context.
Declarative
Location of declarative memory
Let (dominant) parieto-occipito-temporal cortex
Memory of learned, skilled actions.
Non-declarative memory
Location of non-declarative memory
Bilateral frontal lobe, just anterior to pre-central gyrus (cerebellum and basal ganglia also play a role)
non-declarative memory requires this area for function.
Superior parietal lobe sensory area
Inability to complete all the components of a learned, skilled activity though patient’s isn’t paralyzed.
Apraxia
Most recent memories lost, no time for consolidation.
Retrograde amnesia
Can’t form new memories, hippocampal dysfunction.
Anterograde amnesia
Found in the medial part of the temporal lobe (near lateral ventricle). Critical for brining in a new memory.
Hippocampus
This area has strong facilitation for new memory formation.
Septal area
Connects hippocampus to frontal lobe and hypothalamus. Key pathway to cortex
Fornix
Part of the parahippocampal gyrus. Also involved in new memory formation.
Entorhinal cortex
Lesions here can have devastating effects on memory acquisition, affect emotional content and behavior.
Medial part of temporal lobe
This structure is key to providing the emotional content for ne memory, it is linked to the hippocampus. It also assigns previously experienced emotion to recalled memories
Amygdala
ongoing problem-solving & planning involve cerebral cortex. Content of problem or plan under consideration provided by different areas of cerebral cortex.
Working memory
You use this part of the frontal lobe for highest cognitive function. Allows you to bring a memory and new experience together to decide if the memory is worth using.
lateral aspect of frontal lobes
What part of the cortex is critical in retrieval of a memory (specifically the medial part)
Frontal lobe
This part of the cortex is involved in arousal and alterness.
Medialbasal part of frontal lobe (septal areas)
This part of the cortex is related to detail about a particular perception (names of objects)
Left ventral cortex
Which part of the left ventral cortex is involved in general names of objects?
Inferior occipital lobe of left ventral surface of cortex
Which part of the left ventral cortex is involved in specific identification and naming of persons and objects.
Inferior temporal lobe of the left ventral cortex
This part of the cortex has information on landmarks, locations, spatial relationship.
Right ventral surface of cortex
People with a lesion in this area have trouble finding their way. They get lost in their environments.
Right ventral cortex
Where is recognition of faces tools, plants, animals
Ventral surface of the coretx (both rigth and left sides)
Area that is located in the midline of the midbrain has projects dopamine throughout the cortex. Highly involved in reward circuit
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
4 structures often combined under the term Septal area.
Basal nucleus of Meynert
Nucleus Accumbens
Ventral straitum and pallidum
Septal nuclei
Consists of neurons using Ach which receive input from most limbic structures. Spreads widely to the cortex. Alerting effect
Basal nucleus of Meynert
GABA neurons that receive input from the ascending dopamine projection from the VTA. Also receives input from limbic structures. Regulates affective responses.
Nucleus Accumbens
GABAergic neurons that may be involved in expressing the motor components of emotion and behavior. Anterior/ventral portion of the caudate and globus pallidus located in the medial basal frontal lobe
Ventral striatum and pallidum
GABAergic nuclei. Provide prominent projections to the hippocampus.
Septal nuclei
This suppresses REM cycle oscillation and promotes wakefulness
Orexin
This part of the brain activates stress response; CRH –> ACTH –> adrenal secretion of cortisol
Amygdala
Largest integrating structure of the Straitum. Related to body posture, muscle tone.
Putamen
Integrative structure that deals with cognition, remembering a learned skilled movement (esp one that is visually directed)
Caudate
This NT from the substantia niagra facilitates the function of the basal ganglia.
Dopamine
Dominant hemisphere for language.
Left
This connects motor and sensory language areas
Arcuate fasciculus
Superior temporal gyrus and adjacent cortex. Sensory receptive speech. Lesion here leads to sensory aphasia
Wernicke’s area
Language comprehension area
Supramarginal and angular gyri
Motor expressive area. In the inferior frontal gyrus. Lesion here leads to motor aphasia.
Broca’s area
Where first language is stored
Non-dominant hemisphere (right)
Patients with a lesion here will often deny that certain parts of their body are connected to them.
Non-dominant (right) hemisphere
This connects the right and left hemispheres
corpus callosum
