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Medical Phys II > Description to Name > Flashcards

Description to Name Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Produces Oxytocin, ADH.

A

Parventricular nucleus

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2
Q

Setup dinural rhythms

A

Preoptic and suprachiasmic nucleus

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3
Q

Has glucose receptors, where the satiety center is located. Stimulated by an increased in leptin

A

Ventral medial nucleus of hypothalamus

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4
Q

Regulates anterior lobe of pituitary

A

Arcuate nucleus (endocrine)

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5
Q

Feeding center. Stimulated by a decrease in leptin.

A

Lateral hypothalamus

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6
Q

General term for medial basal part of frontal lobe.

A

Septal areas

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7
Q

Where leptin receptors reside

A

Arcuate nucleus

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8
Q

Biggest input to this structure is light from retina that is conveyed here via optic nerve. Regulates function with respect to environmental light via reticular formation.

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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9
Q

Main center of control of visceral and endocrine function

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

Clusters of neurons that lie in the central portion of the brainstem. Related to various kinds of rhythmic functions controlled by the hypothalamus. Have descending axons that regulate CV and resp rhythms, muscle tone and reflexes, modulate pain

A

Reticular formation

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11
Q

Projections of serotonin from here have to do with keeping the brain awake. There are 2 clusters- those that keep you awake, those that modulate pain.

A

Raphe’ nuclei

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12
Q

Rate of this is high is wakefulness and low in sleep. Absent in REM. Facilitates cognitive activities, pain modulations

A

Serotonin

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13
Q

This NT plays a role in altertness, suppresses REM, and role in pain modulation

A

Norepinephrine

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14
Q

Can downregulate norepinephrine or serotonin.

A

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

Name the two NT that regulate the sleep cycle

A

Norepi and Serotonin

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16
Q

These two structure have influence over parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations

A

Hypothalamus and reticular formation

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17
Q

Axons that connect hypothalamus with spinal cord

A

Reticulospinal tracts

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18
Q

Mechanism for maintaining consciousness

A

Ascending reticular activating system

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19
Q

All of these structures are ____ structures
Hippocampus, medial forebrain, spetal areas, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hypothalamus anterior & mediodorsal thalamic nuclei

A

Limbic structures

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20
Q

Has clusters related to reward and punnishment complex. Drives you to seek pleasure

A

Cingulate gyrus

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21
Q

Projects to the frontal lobes where you weight decisions back and forth.

A

Dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus

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22
Q

Clusters of neurons in the thalamus that project to the cingulate gyrus or frontal nucleus

A

Papez circuit

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23
Q

Gatekeeper of the cortex. Allows new information to get through. Plays a large role in memory and learning. Plays a role in memory retrieval (theory). Integrates cerebellar and basal ganglia activities with the flow of sensory information. Key role in maintaining consciousness and attention.

A

Thalamus

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24
Q

In regards to memory this structure evaluates all incoming information and deletes almost all except that which is relevant.

A

Limbic system (frontal lobe)

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25
Q

This type memory involves details, time, place, emotional context.

A

Declarative

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26
Q

Location of declarative memory

A

Let (dominant) parieto-occipito-temporal cortex

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27
Q

Memory of learned, skilled actions.

A

Non-declarative memory

28
Q

Location of non-declarative memory

A

Bilateral frontal lobe, just anterior to pre-central gyrus (cerebellum and basal ganglia also play a role)

29
Q

non-declarative memory requires this area for function.

A

Superior parietal lobe sensory area

30
Q

Inability to complete all the components of a learned, skilled activity though patient’s isn’t paralyzed.

A

Apraxia

31
Q

Most recent memories lost, no time for consolidation.

A

Retrograde amnesia

32
Q

Can’t form new memories, hippocampal dysfunction.

A

Anterograde amnesia

33
Q

Found in the medial part of the temporal lobe (near lateral ventricle). Critical for brining in a new memory.

A

Hippocampus

34
Q

This area has strong facilitation for new memory formation.

A

Septal area

35
Q

Connects hippocampus to frontal lobe and hypothalamus. Key pathway to cortex

A

Fornix

36
Q

Part of the parahippocampal gyrus. Also involved in new memory formation.

A

Entorhinal cortex

37
Q

Lesions here can have devastating effects on memory acquisition, affect emotional content and behavior.

A

Medial part of temporal lobe

38
Q

This structure is key to providing the emotional content for ne memory, it is linked to the hippocampus. It also assigns previously experienced emotion to recalled memories

A

Amygdala

39
Q

ongoing problem-solving & planning involve cerebral cortex. Content of problem or plan under consideration provided by different areas of cerebral cortex.

A

Working memory

40
Q

You use this part of the frontal lobe for highest cognitive function. Allows you to bring a memory and new experience together to decide if the memory is worth using.

A

lateral aspect of frontal lobes

41
Q

What part of the cortex is critical in retrieval of a memory (specifically the medial part)

A

Frontal lobe

42
Q

This part of the cortex is involved in arousal and alterness.

A

Medialbasal part of frontal lobe (septal areas)

43
Q

This part of the cortex is related to detail about a particular perception (names of objects)

A

Left ventral cortex

44
Q

Which part of the left ventral cortex is involved in general names of objects?

A

Inferior occipital lobe of left ventral surface of cortex

45
Q

Which part of the left ventral cortex is involved in specific identification and naming of persons and objects.

A

Inferior temporal lobe of the left ventral cortex

46
Q

This part of the cortex has information on landmarks, locations, spatial relationship.

A

Right ventral surface of cortex

47
Q

People with a lesion in this area have trouble finding their way. They get lost in their environments.

A

Right ventral cortex

48
Q

Where is recognition of faces tools, plants, animals

A

Ventral surface of the coretx (both rigth and left sides)

49
Q

Area that is located in the midline of the midbrain has projects dopamine throughout the cortex. Highly involved in reward circuit

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

50
Q

4 structures often combined under the term Septal area.

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert
Nucleus Accumbens
Ventral straitum and pallidum
Septal nuclei

51
Q

Consists of neurons using Ach which receive input from most limbic structures. Spreads widely to the cortex. Alerting effect

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

52
Q

GABA neurons that receive input from the ascending dopamine projection from the VTA. Also receives input from limbic structures. Regulates affective responses.

A

Nucleus Accumbens

53
Q

GABAergic neurons that may be involved in expressing the motor components of emotion and behavior. Anterior/ventral portion of the caudate and globus pallidus located in the medial basal frontal lobe

A

Ventral striatum and pallidum

54
Q

GABAergic nuclei. Provide prominent projections to the hippocampus.

A

Septal nuclei

55
Q

This suppresses REM cycle oscillation and promotes wakefulness

A

Orexin

56
Q

This part of the brain activates stress response; CRH –> ACTH –> adrenal secretion of cortisol

A

Amygdala

57
Q

Largest integrating structure of the Straitum. Related to body posture, muscle tone.

A

Putamen

58
Q

Integrative structure that deals with cognition, remembering a learned skilled movement (esp one that is visually directed)

A

Caudate

59
Q

This NT from the substantia niagra facilitates the function of the basal ganglia.

A

Dopamine

60
Q

Dominant hemisphere for language.

A

Left

61
Q

This connects motor and sensory language areas

A

Arcuate fasciculus

62
Q

Superior temporal gyrus and adjacent cortex. Sensory receptive speech. Lesion here leads to sensory aphasia

A

Wernicke’s area

63
Q

Language comprehension area

A

Supramarginal and angular gyri

64
Q

Motor expressive area. In the inferior frontal gyrus. Lesion here leads to motor aphasia.

A

Broca’s area

65
Q

Where first language is stored

A

Non-dominant hemisphere (right)

66
Q

Patients with a lesion here will often deny that certain parts of their body are connected to them.

A

Non-dominant (right) hemisphere

67
Q

This connects the right and left hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

Medical Phys II (16 decks)

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