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Medical Phys II > Neuro Patho > Flashcards

Neuro Patho Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What does mean arterial BP need to be between for autoregulation to work well?

A

60-150 mm Hg

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2
Q

Autoregulation provides a blood flow ob about ______mls/ 100 grams brain/minutes

A

50 mls

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3
Q

If systemic arterial pressure is below 60 mm Hg a person will enter into a _____ which can lead to _______.

A

Coma; brain ischemia

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4
Q

What is a clot from a distant source?

A

Embolus

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5
Q

In an _______ stroke, there is a loss of blood supply.

A

Ischemic

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6
Q

In a ________ stroke vessels rupture which leads to bleeding.

A

Hemorrhagic

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7
Q

What is a brief loss of blood supply to the brain that results in neurological symptoms then complete recovery?

A

TIA (transient ischemic attack)

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8
Q

What NT is released by injured neurons and opens neuron membrane channels?

A

Glutamate

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9
Q

When neuron membrane channels open what happens to K, Na, and Ca?

A

K ions are lost from the cells

Na and Ca ions enter the neuron

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10
Q

What is the term for viable neuronal tissue surrounding tissue that may destroyed by release of toxic substances from dying neurons.

A

Penumbra

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11
Q

What do neuroprotective drugs do?

A

Interfere with glutamate receptor function on the surface of viable neurons and prevent glutamate from binding to viable neurons.

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12
Q

What is a blot clot that is attached to a vessel lining?

A

Thrombus

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13
Q

What is a brief loss of consciousness (few second to hours) that has no anatomical lesion?

A

Concussion

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14
Q

What is a focal hemorrhage that leaves an individual unconscious for hours, months years and can result in death if bleeding doesn’t stop.

A

Contusion

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15
Q

What is an abnormal or weak spot in a vessel wall?

A

Aneurysm

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16
Q

What is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels that do not have capillary beds?

A

Arterio-venous malformation (AVM)

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17
Q

What is an infarction?

A

Loss of blood supply to an area of the brain

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18
Q

Peripheral neuropathy usually refer to ____ nerve that is being injured?

A

One

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19
Q

What referes to many nerves that have been injured?

A

Polyneuropathy

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20
Q

What is the irritation of the root of the trigmeinal nerve and leads to extreme pain in one of the distributions of CN V.

A

Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)

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21
Q

What is a genetic disease the form tumors on the nerves. Presene of cafe-au-lait spots on skin is a sign.

A

Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen disease) AKA elephant man disease

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22
Q

What is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneurtits of the peripheral and cranial nerves. Individuals have profound weakness, distal muscles affected first.

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

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23
Q

What is a disease where hyperglycemia evokes microvascular disease affecting peripheral and autonomic nerves?

A

Diabetic neuropathy

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24
Q

What a condition where an individual has persistent pain throughout the MSS system w/ painful trigger points, fatigue, weakness, cramps. Not identifiable anatomical distribution. Often misdiagnosed and dismissed by clinicians and family.

A

Fibromyalgia

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25
Q

What is a syndrome due to thiamine deficiency and neurotoxicity due to poor diet and malabsorption. Ataxia, confusion, nystagmus. There will be degeneration in hypothalamus, midbrain, cerebellum

A

Wernicke syndrome

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26
Q

What is condition that is Wernicke syndrome plus profound memory deficit not alleviated by thiamine therapy.

A

Korakoff syndrome

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27
Q

What is a syndrome where ETOH retards early brain and somatic development leading to learning disabilities and retardation.

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

28
Q

Ataxia, dysequilibrium, hypotonia, weakness, action tremor, essential temor are all signs of a disease where?

A

Cerebellum

29
Q

What is a progressive degeneration of melanin-containg dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain?

A

Prarkinson Disease (PD) (paralysis agitins)

30
Q

Do Parkinson’s symptoms show up on one side of the body or both?

A

Both sides

31
Q

What is the typical first sign of Parkinson’s?

A

Tremor at rest

32
Q

Dopamine axons from the substansia niagra to the striatum follow what tract?

A

Nigrostriate tract

33
Q

What is the shuffting gait often seen in Parkinson’s patients known as?

A

Festinating gait

34
Q

What is an irreversible (usually) deterioration of intellectual and cognitive functions without impairment of consciousness. Often accompanied by emotional and behavioral disturbances.

A

Dementia

35
Q

What is the most common form of dementia that often occurs in the 6th decade of life?

A

Alzheimer Dementia

36
Q

What parts of the brain are most heavily affected by AD?

A

HIppocampus
Mediobasal area of the frontal lobe
Areas that use Ach

37
Q

What is the treatment for AD

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors- but this eventually doesn’t work because all the neurons end up dying

38
Q

What is a progressive disease the has an onset in the 30s and involves dyskinesia due to degeneration in the basal ganglia?

A

Huntington’s Disease (Chorea)

39
Q

What abnormal protein does the abnormal repeat of the cytosine-adenine-guanine trinucleotide in Huntington’s?

A

Huntingtin (this is toxic to Gaba neurons)

40
Q

What is the degeneration and scarring of intervertebral disks and surrounding ligaments.?

A

Spondolysis

41
Q

What is a progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons that has an onset mid to late life and doesn’t affect cognition?

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig Disease)

42
Q

What is a collection of syndromes resulting from perinatal brain injury?

A

Cerebral palsy

43
Q

Is cerebral palsy progressive?

A

No, injury that they have is what they have

44
Q

In what type of CP are all extremities involved?

A

Spastic CP

45
Q

Condition due to failure of closure of posterior neurospore.

A

Spina Bifida

46
Q

Condition due to failure of the anterior neuropore.

A

Encephocele

47
Q

What is complete failure of anterior neuropore closure.

A

Anencephaly

48
Q

What is failure of formation of base of skull at foramen magnum. Will have abnormalities of cerebellum, pons-medulla and cranial nerves?

A

Arnold-Chiari Syndrome

49
Q

What is degeneration of central aspect of the cervical cord due to cyst formation. Loss of pain and temp sensations and ultimately motor functions in upper extremities.

A

Syringomyelia

50
Q

Individuals with Downs Syndrome have a much greater risk of developing what?

A

Dementia; certain cancers that often show up in the general population

51
Q

What is a neurobehavioral disorder that manifests with motor and vocal tics and appears around ages 5-6? Thought to be due to a lesion in the basal ganglia and dopamine pathways in the limbic brain.

A

Gilles de la Tourette

52
Q

Individuals with downs syndrome have a diminished number of ______ and ______.

A

Number of cortical neurons

Number of synapses

53
Q

What is an inflammation of meninges and meningeal spaces. Potential for increased ICP which can lead to brain damage. Diminished consciousness, seizures.

A

Meningitis

54
Q

In what type of meningitis is there an accumulation of leukocytes and pus in the CSF & meningeal spaces. Can lead to hydrocephalus.

A

Bacterial meningitis

55
Q

What type of meningitis is often a self-limiting disease?

A

Viral meningitis

56
Q

What is the direct infection of brain tissue due to many viruses?

A

Encephalitis

57
Q

WHat virus invades neural tissue. Most patients have neurological symptoms including focal signs, seizures, cognitive impairment, dementia.

A

HIV

58
Q

What is an accumulation of bacteria in brain tissue leading to an accumulation of prulent matter. There is walling off response by astrocytes.

A

Brain abscess

59
Q

What is a ring lesion normally caused by?This can lead to cerebral edema and herniation.

A

Fungus

60
Q

What is an autoimmune disease affecting the myelin-producing cells in the CNS? Forms multiple plaques where immune activity has destroyed the myelin cells.

A

Multiple Sclerosis

61
Q

What are the first symptoms of MS?

A

Loss of vsion in one eye, diplopia, weakness, fatigue, impotency, dystaxia, incontinence

62
Q

What are a few late symptoms of MS?

A

Mood disorder, depression, cognitive and memory dysfunctions.

63
Q

Do brain tumors arise from neurons?

A

No- they arise from supporting cells

64
Q

What two cell types do most brain tumors come from?

A

Astrocytes, olgiodendroglia

65
Q

What is often the first symptom of a brain tumor?

A

Headache

66
Q

What type of brian tumor grows quickly and has poorly differentiated cells?

A

Glioblastoma

Medical Phys II (16 decks)

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