Neuro Patho Flashcards
What does mean arterial BP need to be between for autoregulation to work well?
60-150 mm Hg
Autoregulation provides a blood flow ob about ______mls/ 100 grams brain/minutes
50 mls
If systemic arterial pressure is below 60 mm Hg a person will enter into a _____ which can lead to _______.
Coma; brain ischemia
What is a clot from a distant source?
Embolus
In an _______ stroke, there is a loss of blood supply.
Ischemic
In a ________ stroke vessels rupture which leads to bleeding.
Hemorrhagic
What is a brief loss of blood supply to the brain that results in neurological symptoms then complete recovery?
TIA (transient ischemic attack)
What NT is released by injured neurons and opens neuron membrane channels?
Glutamate
When neuron membrane channels open what happens to K, Na, and Ca?
K ions are lost from the cells
Na and Ca ions enter the neuron
What is the term for viable neuronal tissue surrounding tissue that may destroyed by release of toxic substances from dying neurons.
Penumbra
What do neuroprotective drugs do?
Interfere with glutamate receptor function on the surface of viable neurons and prevent glutamate from binding to viable neurons.
What is a blot clot that is attached to a vessel lining?
Thrombus
What is a brief loss of consciousness (few second to hours) that has no anatomical lesion?
Concussion
What is a focal hemorrhage that leaves an individual unconscious for hours, months years and can result in death if bleeding doesn’t stop.
Contusion
What is an abnormal or weak spot in a vessel wall?
Aneurysm
What is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels that do not have capillary beds?
Arterio-venous malformation (AVM)
What is an infarction?
Loss of blood supply to an area of the brain
Peripheral neuropathy usually refer to ____ nerve that is being injured?
One
What referes to many nerves that have been injured?
Polyneuropathy
What is the irritation of the root of the trigmeinal nerve and leads to extreme pain in one of the distributions of CN V.
Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)
What is a genetic disease the form tumors on the nerves. Presene of cafe-au-lait spots on skin is a sign.
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen disease) AKA elephant man disease
What is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneurtits of the peripheral and cranial nerves. Individuals have profound weakness, distal muscles affected first.
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
What is a disease where hyperglycemia evokes microvascular disease affecting peripheral and autonomic nerves?
Diabetic neuropathy
What a condition where an individual has persistent pain throughout the MSS system w/ painful trigger points, fatigue, weakness, cramps. Not identifiable anatomical distribution. Often misdiagnosed and dismissed by clinicians and family.
Fibromyalgia
What is a syndrome due to thiamine deficiency and neurotoxicity due to poor diet and malabsorption. Ataxia, confusion, nystagmus. There will be degeneration in hypothalamus, midbrain, cerebellum
Wernicke syndrome
What is condition that is Wernicke syndrome plus profound memory deficit not alleviated by thiamine therapy.
Korakoff syndrome
What is a syndrome where ETOH retards early brain and somatic development leading to learning disabilities and retardation.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Ataxia, dysequilibrium, hypotonia, weakness, action tremor, essential temor are all signs of a disease where?
Cerebellum
What is a progressive degeneration of melanin-containg dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain?
Prarkinson Disease (PD) (paralysis agitins)
Do Parkinson’s symptoms show up on one side of the body or both?
Both sides
What is the typical first sign of Parkinson’s?
Tremor at rest
Dopamine axons from the substansia niagra to the striatum follow what tract?
Nigrostriate tract
What is the shuffting gait often seen in Parkinson’s patients known as?
Festinating gait
What is an irreversible (usually) deterioration of intellectual and cognitive functions without impairment of consciousness. Often accompanied by emotional and behavioral disturbances.
Dementia
What is the most common form of dementia that often occurs in the 6th decade of life?
Alzheimer Dementia
What parts of the brain are most heavily affected by AD?
HIppocampus
Mediobasal area of the frontal lobe
Areas that use Ach
What is the treatment for AD
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors- but this eventually doesn’t work because all the neurons end up dying
What is a progressive disease the has an onset in the 30s and involves dyskinesia due to degeneration in the basal ganglia?
Huntington’s Disease (Chorea)
What abnormal protein does the abnormal repeat of the cytosine-adenine-guanine trinucleotide in Huntington’s?
Huntingtin (this is toxic to Gaba neurons)
What is the degeneration and scarring of intervertebral disks and surrounding ligaments.?
Spondolysis
What is a progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons that has an onset mid to late life and doesn’t affect cognition?
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig Disease)
What is a collection of syndromes resulting from perinatal brain injury?
Cerebral palsy
Is cerebral palsy progressive?
No, injury that they have is what they have
In what type of CP are all extremities involved?
Spastic CP
Condition due to failure of closure of posterior neurospore.
Spina Bifida
Condition due to failure of the anterior neuropore.
Encephocele
What is complete failure of anterior neuropore closure.
Anencephaly
What is failure of formation of base of skull at foramen magnum. Will have abnormalities of cerebellum, pons-medulla and cranial nerves?
Arnold-Chiari Syndrome
What is degeneration of central aspect of the cervical cord due to cyst formation. Loss of pain and temp sensations and ultimately motor functions in upper extremities.
Syringomyelia
Individuals with Downs Syndrome have a much greater risk of developing what?
Dementia; certain cancers that often show up in the general population
What is a neurobehavioral disorder that manifests with motor and vocal tics and appears around ages 5-6? Thought to be due to a lesion in the basal ganglia and dopamine pathways in the limbic brain.
Gilles de la Tourette
Individuals with downs syndrome have a diminished number of ______ and ______.
Number of cortical neurons
Number of synapses
What is an inflammation of meninges and meningeal spaces. Potential for increased ICP which can lead to brain damage. Diminished consciousness, seizures.
Meningitis
In what type of meningitis is there an accumulation of leukocytes and pus in the CSF & meningeal spaces. Can lead to hydrocephalus.
Bacterial meningitis
What type of meningitis is often a self-limiting disease?
Viral meningitis
What is the direct infection of brain tissue due to many viruses?
Encephalitis
WHat virus invades neural tissue. Most patients have neurological symptoms including focal signs, seizures, cognitive impairment, dementia.
HIV
What is an accumulation of bacteria in brain tissue leading to an accumulation of prulent matter. There is walling off response by astrocytes.
Brain abscess
What is a ring lesion normally caused by?This can lead to cerebral edema and herniation.
Fungus
What is an autoimmune disease affecting the myelin-producing cells in the CNS? Forms multiple plaques where immune activity has destroyed the myelin cells.
Multiple Sclerosis
What are the first symptoms of MS?
Loss of vsion in one eye, diplopia, weakness, fatigue, impotency, dystaxia, incontinence
What are a few late symptoms of MS?
Mood disorder, depression, cognitive and memory dysfunctions.
Do brain tumors arise from neurons?
No- they arise from supporting cells
What two cell types do most brain tumors come from?
Astrocytes, olgiodendroglia
What is often the first symptom of a brain tumor?
Headache
What type of brian tumor grows quickly and has poorly differentiated cells?
Glioblastoma
