resp diseases simple Flashcards
COPD
Lung disease characterized by airway obstruction due to inflammation of the small airways; caused predominantly by inhaled toxins, especially via smoking
- irreversible
- chronic bronchitis and emphysema
neutrophilic inflammation
Asthma
Chronic inflammatory condition of the airways that causes episodic exacerbations of bronchoconstriction
- reversible
- eosinophilic inflammation
Type 2 - TH2 lymphocytes, Cytokine IL 4,5,13
type 1 resp failure
Short of oxygen (low PaO2) - hypoxemia
type 2 resp failure
Short of oxygen - hypoxemia AND too much carbon dioxide (low PaO2, high PaCO2) - hypercarbia
for ABG Is ph is in right range then
fully compensated
if ABG isn’t in right range then
look at other factor
- in right range = decompensated
- not in right range = partially compensated
pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae (70%) - most common, community acquired
Haemophilus influenza (5%) - elderly or patients with COPD
Mycoplasma pneumonia - children and young adults, peaks every 4 years
dull percussion, crackles and rub
cystic fibrosis
Genetic disease which leads to abnormally viscous mucus; mucus blocks structures including the conducting airways and lungs - results in repeated chest infections and chronic colonisation
- autosomal recessive
- CFTR gene
bronchiectasis
rreversible and abnormal dilation of the bronchial tree generally caused by cycles of bronchial inflammation with mucus plugging and progressive airway destruction
- 50% idiopathic
- cystic fibrosis
Bacteria in bronchiectasis: Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-Cough large amount of sputum in morning
pneumothorax
Abnormal collection of air in the pleural space
- Tall thin men
- Smokers, cannabis smokers
- Abolishes transmural pressure gradient
- Increased intrathoracic pressure, leads to lung collapse
- Hyper-resonance on percussion
- hollow, drum like sounds
pleural effusion
Accumulation of fluid within the pleural space
Transudative
- Caused by disturbances in oncotic pressure, commonly cardiac failure and liver cirrhosis
- Low protein content (< 30g/L)
Exudative
- Fluids that have left circulatory system and have gone into lesions or areas of inflammation, commonly due to malignancy or infection
- High protein content (> 30g/L)
Stony dull percussion
lung cancer
mesothelioma - associated with asbestos exposure
small cell lung cancer
- associated with smoking
- Rapidly progressive disease - early metastases very fast
- Associated with ectopic ACTH secretion → Cushing’s
non SCLC
Adenocarcinoma - not associated with smoking
squamous cell carcinoma -Most common in smokers PCT
sarcoidosis
(interstiatal lung disease) Multisystem granulomatous (type IV) disorder to an unknown antigen
- Non-caseating granulmoa
- bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
- pulmonary infiltration and skin or eye lesions
- erythema nodosum
obstructive sleep apnoea
Blockage of airways - Multiple pauses in respiration (‘apnoeas’) during sleep, as a result of upper airway collapse, usually at oropharynx
- Mostly in overweight, middle-aged men
- loud snoring + daytime lethargy + fatigue
pulmonary embolism
A thrombus (clot) that has embolised (travelled) and lodged in the pulmonary circulation
- PE is usually (95%) the result of a DVT - Virchow’s triad
pregnant, on OCP, Afib, Trauma, Travel
high V/Q
Results in respriatory alkalosis as increased ventilation leads to hyperventilation so CO2 lost
