principles things Flashcards
what is the inner most layer of the pericardium
epicardium
collaterals
alternative vascular routes through which arteries connect with each other directly - connecting arteries
bones of cranial vault
occipital
parietal - forms majority
axial skeleton
head, neck and trunk
blastocyst
embryonic formation containing a cavity in the centre of the sphere of cells and the stage at which the embryo is ready for implantation?
At day 5 following successful in vitro fertilisation, the embryo, that consists of a ball of cells, with a cavity and inner cell mass is transferred into the uterine cavity.
blastocyst
between which gestational time period (from fertilisation to birth), is an unborn offspring called an embryo?
Fertilisation to the end of 8 weeks
In which sub-cellular organelle are ribosomes produced?
Nucleolus
Across which cell structure does an electrical impulse travel from one cell to another?
Gap junctions
Which intracellular organelle is primarily responsible for the digestion of engulfed bacteria within the phagocytic cells?
Lysosome
In general, which protein is important in activating mast cells?
IgE
Which of the following antibody-type forms pentamers, contributing to increased blood viscosity?
Serum IgM
What is the total number of ADP molecules that are phosphorylated to ATP during
the complete catabolism of glucose to pyruvate?
4
Which mechanism is used for ATP synthesis in the glycolytic pathway?
Substrate phosphorylation
Which is an example of a transcription factor binding to a specific DNA sequence
TATA box binding protein
What has a direct effect upon the elimination half-life?
The apparent volume of distribution and clearance
describe ligand-receptor interactions
A partial agonist binds to a receptor, and activates it to a lesser extent than the endogenous chemical messenger.
Bioavailability
the fraction of unchanged drug reaching systemic circulation
What is the most likely effect of this finding on the cardiac resting membrane potential and excitability
Resting membrane potential hyperpolarised and decreased excitability
describe negative feedback
Negative feedback opposes the initial change in a controlled variable
how does Heat exposure affect muscle tone
it decreases it
what does stimulation of the vagus nerve do to heart rate
decreases it
what following mechanisms help lower body temperature?
Redistribution of blood flow to periphery
The activation of what is most important to stop bleeding?
Platelets
What are the mechanisms through which temperature homeostasis will be maintained at this temperature?
Vasodilatation of skin arterioles
how is mitochondrial DNA inherited
from mother to child
describe X-linked recessive disorders
there is no male to male transmission
a unique feature of a T lymphocyte (T cell)?
Antigen-specific
What characteristic BEST defines the adaptive (acquired) immune response?
It exhibits immunological memory
single best description of an allergen?
A molecule that binds to antibodies sensitising the surface of mast cells
what autoimmune disease is strongly associated a single gene defect
IPEX
Which class of immunoglobulins can cross the placenta and provide protection to the developing foetus?
IgG
what is targeted by NK cells?
Cells with decreased expression of MHC-I molecules
what is true for all commonly isolated Gram-negative pathogens?
The outer membrane is often asymmetric and decorated with lipopolysaccharides
What term describes virulence factors?
Exotoxin
what does the term ‘flagella’ describe?
Protein molecules that extend from the surface of bacteria & generate movement
Which genera of prokaryote is Gram positive?
Clostridia
describe gram positive bacteria
A prokaryote that contains a single cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a relatively thick multi-layered cell wall that often contains a secondary polymer in addition to peptidoglycan.
Which protein is commonly activated in Burkitt lymphoma to cause rapid proliferation of tumour cells?
c–myc
How does increased intracellular calcium contribute to cell death
By increasing mitochondrial permeability
what describes the ingestion of extracellular fluid by cells?
Pinocytosis
what is a malignant tumour of the urinary tract is diagnosed.
Transitional cell carcinoma
what might happen if you integrate a gene into the genome
might disrupt an important gene - particularly a tumour suppressor - increasing cancer risk
-Off target integration of therapy, disrupting another gene
when is a cell considered to be “fully charged”
if it contains ATP
Which best describes the structure through which action potentials in postganglionic fibres travel to speed up the heart rate
Sympathetic chain (trunk)
what are the antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis
mdg
m - macrolides (erythromycin)
d - doxcycyline
g - gentamicin
what protein helps define cytotoxic T cells
CD8
Which group of serum proteins, when deficient, is most likely responsible for the patient’s increased susceptibility to bacterial infections?
Complement
betalactams
amoxicillin and cephalosporin
most radio dense
ribs
equation for Apparent volume of distribution
𝑉D =𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒 / [𝐷]𝑃
The elimination half-life is calculated as
𝑡1⁄ 2= 0.693∗𝑉𝐷/ CL
or dosage rate (DR) for IV infusion,
𝐷𝑅= [𝐷]𝑃𝑆𝑆 ∗ 𝐶𝐿
Shivering and increased metabolic rate are mechanisms to
increase heat production
is a primary mechanism for heat conservation in a cold environment?
vasoconstriction
What characterises hypovolaemic shock?
Reflex tachycardia
Which cell type lines arteries?
Endothelium
smooth muscle
lyemyo
skeletal muscle
rhabdomyo
adipose
lipo (fat cells)
bone
osteo
cartilage
chondro
fibrous
fibro
defines the term Microbiome
The genetic material associated with all the micro-organisms colonising the body.
The chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate is predominantly characterised by
lymphocytes and plasma cells.
Granulomatous inflammation would have aggregates of
histocytes, acute inflammation would be neutrophilic
abscess formation
collection of pus
first genetic investigation of choice for an inherited disorder associated with developmental delay and learning difficulties?
Chromosomal microarray analysis
Which type of fibres do the posterior roots contain?
Sensory fibres
What is the best test for the parents, to see if they carry a balanced translocation that caused this?
Karyotype
- looks at the chromosomes and will identify a balanced translocation in most cases
Regarding the cellular physiology of the mammalian cell membrane
- describe the transport across it
Facilitated diffusion uses a carrier to transfer a substance across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient
Which of the following receptor or drug target superfamilies does the insulin receptor belong to?
Kinase-linked receptors.
what is the most common mediator of sepsis
The Endotoxin, including Lipopolysaccharide, released by Gram-negative
bacteria is the most common mediator of sepsis.
at what vertebral level does the spinal cord usually end
L1/L2
where are lumbar puncture’s usually performed
L3/L4
what do sternocostal joints refer to
the articulation between the sternum and ribs
where does the pelvic cavity lie
between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet,
greatest affinity in pKi =
the highest number
advantage of using DNA technology to identify bacteria from a patient sample using its 16s gene sequence?
Allows the identification of microbes that cannot be grown under normal laboratory conditions
acute inflammation is characterised by
neutrophilic host response
A 32 Year old woman has hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and you need to test a panel of 17 genes for single base variants.
Which is the best technology for doing this?
Next generation sequencing
The appearance of an epithelial malignancy means that the diagnosis is
carcinoma
and the presence of intracellular bridging and keratin production
found in squamous epithelium
what does cartilage help with
joint motility
dislocation of a joint can cause
bleeding
he bones of the skeleton contain viable cells called
osteocytes
