cardio diseases simple

Question 1

syncope

Answer 1

Transient loss of consciousness due to cerebral hypoperfusion, characterised by rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous complete recovery

1. Reflex syncope - Neural reflexes modify HR and vascular tone causing fall in MAP and CO
2. Orthostatic syncope (postural hypotension) - Results from failure of baroreceptor responses to gravitational shifts in blood, standing up form lying
3. Cardiac syncope - Cardiac event causing sudden drop in CO

Question 2

shock

Answer 2

An abnormality of the circulatory system resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation - can lead to anaerobic metabolism, which will cause metabolic waste products to accumulate, resulting in cellular failure

Question 3

Hypovaemic shock

Answer 3

Shock due to decreased blood volume due to:

Haemorrhage: direct blood loss - trauma, surgery, GI haemorrhage

Non-haemorrhage: decrease in ECFV - vomiting, diarrhoea, sweating

Question 4

cardiogenic shock

Answer 4

decreased cardiac contractility

due to acute MI → decreased stroke volume → decreased CO and BP → inadequate tissue perfusion

Question 5

obstructive shock

Answer 5

• Physical obstruction of the great vessels or heart
  e.g. cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax

Question 6

hypertension

Answer 6

Persistent elevation of BP in the systemic arterial circulation to a level higher than expected for the age, sex, and race of the individual

140/90

Question 7

Intermittent claudication

Answer 7

• Insufficient blood delivery to exercising muscle due to atherosclerosis in arteries
• Occurs when O2 demand greater than supply

Pain whilst exercising received by rest

Question 8

Severe PVD/ critical limb ischaemia

Answer 8

• Chronic disease, affects multiple arteries
• Obstruction to blood flow in artery is compromised to the point where blood is unable to maintain oxygenation of the tissue at rest

pain at rest
tissue necrosis
diminished/absent peripheral pulses and poor tissue nutrition

Question 9

stable angina

Answer 9

Common presentation of ischaemic heart disease - narrowing of coronary arteries (REVERSIBLE)

due to atherosclerosis

Question 10

unstable angina

Answer 10

subtotal occlusion, supply led ischaemia without infarction, high (50%) risk of MI in subsequent 30 days

Question 11

NSTEMI

Answer 11

subtotal occlusion

Question 12

STEMI

Answer 12

total occlusion

• Usually the result of a thrombus from an atherosclerotic plaque blocking a coronary artery

Question 13

DVT

Answer 13

A thrombus (clot) formed in deep venous circulation.

virchows triad
- endothelial injury
- hyper coagulation
- circulatory stasis

Distal vein thrombosis: DVT of calves, distal to popliteal vein

Proximal vein thrombosis: DVT of the popliteal or femoral vein, more likely to embolise, proximal to popliteal vein

Question 14

aortic dissection

Answer 14

Tear in tunica intima leads to seperation of layers of aortic wall leading to aortic rupture.

A dissected aorta may become an aneurysm.

type A
–False lumen seen on imaging
- Ascending aorta, radial-radial delay
- Rupture causes blood to leak into pericardial sac - cardiac temponade

type B
- Radio-femoaral delay
- All dissections EXCEPT ascending aorta
- Occlusion of major aortic branch leads to end-organ ischemia

Sudden sharp pain radiating to upper back and shoulders

Question 15

Afib

Answer 15

Chaotic and disorganized atrial activity produces an irregular heartbeat

Classification of AFib

• Paroxysmal ≤48 hrs
• Persistent ≥48 hrs
• Permanent (chronic) = unable to cardiovert to NSR

Question 16

bradycardia

Answer 16

slow heart rate
less than 60 beats per minute