random resp things

Question 1

Exudate =

Answer 1

(extra) protein > 30

Question 2

Transudate =

Answer 2

(less) protein < 30

Question 3

describe squamous cell

Answer 3

most common type in smokers

Secrete parathyroid hormone and causes hypercalcemia

Common places for metastasises include lymph nodes, liver, bones, adrenal glands and the brain

Question 4

squamous cell lung cancer buzzwords

Answer 4

smoker, cavitating, hilar tumours.

Question 5

adenocarcinoma

Answer 5

most common type in non-smokers.

Derived from gram cells;
mucus stains blue.

Often leads to peripheral tumours.

Causes hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropy i.e. finger clubbing, periosteal inflammation (like ankle pain)

Question 6

where are pan coast tuners found

Answer 6

lung apexes

Question 7

Asthma spirometry

Answer 7

• FVC normal
• FEV1 reduced
• FEV1/FVC ratio reduced (due to half of ratio being reduced)

Question 8

COPD spirometry

Answer 8

• FVC reduced
• FEV1 reduced
• FEV1/FVC ratio normal (as both parts of the ratio have been reduced making it normal)

Question 9

restrictive disease spirometry

Answer 9

• FVC reduced
• FEV1 reduced
• FEV1/FVC ratio normal (as both parts of the ratio have been reduced making it normal)

Question 10

normal spirometry ratios

Answer 10

Normal > 75%
Reduced < 75%

Question 11

Type 1 resp failure

Answer 11

low oxygen levels (hypoxemia)

Question 12

type 2 resp failure

Answer 12

low oxygen levels, high carbon dioxide levels (COPD)

Question 13

TB drugs

Answer 13

2 RIPE 4 RI

Rifampicin,
Isoniazid,
Pyrazinamide,
Ethambutol,

Question 14

TB drug side effects

Answer 14

R - red-orange urine/sweat
I - tingling, parasthesiae of the extremities
P - goat and joint pain
E - optic neuritis

Question 15

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia –

Answer 15

HIV, AIDS, immunosuppressed

Question 16

Haemophilus influenzae -

Answer 16

COPD/alcoholics/elderly

Question 17

Bordetella pertussis –

Answer 17

whooping cough/bronchopneumonia

Question 18

PE risk factors

Answer 18

Hereditary eg factor V Leiden
History - previous DVT or PE
Hypomobility eg fracture or long trip
Hypovolaemia eg dehydration
Hypercoagulability eg smoking
Hormones eg oestrogen
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Hyperviscosity states eg malignancy, post-surgery

Question 19

causes of pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 19

BREAST

Bleomycin
Radiation
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Sarcoidosis
Tuberculosis

Question 20

NODOSUM spelt backwards reveals some causes of erythema nodosum, the more
common appear first

Answer 20

Mycobacteria (TB) -
Ulcerative colitis/Crohns disease
Sarcoidosis
Other infections (streptococcus, mycoplasma, EBV)
Drugs including sulphonamides and oral contraceptive pill
Occult malignancy
No cause found/nurturing (pregnancy)