GI diseases simple Flashcards
what is a squamous cell carcinoma
tumor of squamous epithelium
what is an adenocarcinoma
tumour of the glands
peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulceration is a breach in the gastrointestinal mucosa as a result of acid and pepsin attack -
refers to an ulcer found in lower oesophagus, stomach and duodenum
often causes by H.Pylori infection
gastric ulcer buzzword
- Epigastric pain worse after eating
- Pain eased by lying flat
duodenal ulcer buzzword
- Epigastric pain relieved by eating
- Pain worse when lying flat
what causes oesophageal varices
secondary to portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis
malabsorption
Defective mucosal absorption, caused by defective luminal digestion, mucosal disease or structural disorders
what type of cancer is oral cancer
squamous cell carcinoma - 90%
caused by
- smoking is the main avoidable risk factor - linked to 65% of cases in the UK
- Alcohol (metabolised to acetaldehyde)
- Diet (low in Vit A, C and iron)
intestinal failure
An inability to maintain adequate nutrition or fluid status via intestines below the minimum necessary for absorption of macronutrients and/or water and electrolytes such thatIV supplementation is requried to maintain health and growth.
malnutrition
A state of nutrition in which a deficiency, excess or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue, body form, function and clinical outcome
gastroenteritis
Broad term, but is usually used to refer to an infective illness which causes diarrhoea, vomiting and often abdominal pain
Crohn’s disease
(IBD) Chronic inflammatory and ulcerating condition of the GI tract that can affect anywhere from mouth to anus, most commonly the terminal ileum and colon
Crohn’s buzzwords
Ileal and/or colonic chronic active mucosal inflammation including cryptitis and crypt abscesses
erythema nodusum (chrons presentation)
‘Cobble-stoning’
Transmural inflammation (all the way through cell)
UC
(IBD) Chronic inflammatory disorder confined to colon and rectum
UC buzzwords
Pseudo polyps
- Absence of goblet cells
- Crypt distortion and abscess
- Mucosal layer only affected
IBS
Refers to a group of symptoms, including abdominal pain and discomfort, bloating, and change in bowel habit, for which no underlying cause or pathology can be identified
- visceral hypersensitivity
acute appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the appendix, most common acute abdomen pain
-Typically caused by direct luminal obstruction, usually secondary to a faecolith
acute diverticulitis
Evidence of diverticular inflammation (fever, tachycardia) with or without localised symptoms and signs
-Inflammation is caused by micro-perforation of a diverticulum
alcoholic liver disease hepatitis
Results from the effects of the long term excessive consumption of alcohol on the liver
- alcoholic related fatty liver (steatosis)
- alcoholic hepatitis
- cirrhosis
gallstones
Refers to the formation of hard stones in the gallbladder
‘Fair, fat, fertile, female and forty’
80% of gallstones are mixed - pigment and cholesterol
acute cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone
Tenderness in RUQ +/- MURPHYS SIGN
(place hand firmly at costal margin in RUQ, sign is positive if patient has pain on inspiration)
acute pancreatitis
Acute inflammation of the pancreas most commonly caused by gallstones and alcohol excess
- Cullen’s sign - periumbilical bruising
- Grey Turner’s sign - flank bruising
pancreatitis acronym
‘I GET SMASHED’
- Idiopathic
- Gallstones - up to 65% of cases
- Ethanol
- Trauma
- Steriods
- Mumps - and other infections e.g. coxsackie B, viral hepatitis
- Autoimmune - IgG4 related disease, polyarteritis nodosa
- Scorpion bite
- Hypercalcaemia; Hyperparathyroidism, Hyperlipidaemia
- ERCP (iatrogenic)
- Drugs e.g. azathioprine
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cancer of the bile ducts - Adenocarcinoma
PSC is a risk factor
Painless jaundice = cancer
hepatitis A
- Faecal-oral spread
- Linked to poor hygiene/overcrowding
- Some cases imported and some clusters e.g. gay men and PWID but importance has declined in UK
acute infection
travel vaccine available
Hepatitis E
leading cause of acute hep
- Faecal-oral transmission in the tropics - contaminated water
- Cases acquired in UK are thought to be zoonoses
hepatitis D
Only found with Hepatitis B - exacerbates Hep B infection
Hepatitis B
common
- Sex
- Mother to child
- Blood to blood (unscreened transfusions, tattoos)
chronic
Hepatitis C
Chronic infection (HCV RNA >6 months)
- No vaccine - minimize exposure
- Strongly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma
Liver failure = triad of
encephalopathy, jaundice and coagulopathy
