Resp. Flashcards
Inhale and Expire change lung vol. in thoracic?
Yes
Describe inhalation
Intercostal muscle contract and draw ribs in
Diaphram contracts/pull dwn
Air in=Incre. vol and decre. P=
Describe Expiration
Muscel relax
Elastic Fibers retraction
breath out=decre. Vol and Incre. P.
Airway resp. epithelium
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar
Thick BsM
Highly Vascular CT to support goblet cells
-Function=protect/catch patho, matter and toxic chem.
-Components=H2O, Glycoprot.(2 crosslink monomer that bind to H2O a decre. viscoity and incre cilia move.)
How does large and small airways keep patent
Large airways=muscle/cartilage
As the airways get smaller there is more muscles for incre. O2 exchange
Alveoli uses surfactant to maintain patency
What does the nasal cavity do to air
humidify and filter particles
Structures in the nasal cavity
Concha=sup/mid/inf. -incre. in other animals Vestibule=Air 1st enter -non keratinzed st. sq. to warmth/moist Olfactory epith.=special area detecting chemical -non ciliated pseudo eptih. :not goblet cell -special bipolar olfactory cells :dendrites-->nasal cavity :special Recp. for various of chem=incre. chem. varients :axon-->brain (olfactory bulb)
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
- sinuses connect to laynx
- resp. epith. line
- tonsils (medial pharngeal)
- open auditory canals
Larynx
Reinforced Cartilage
Special for sound production
Epiglottis
-stop food enter
-allow air in resp.
-Apical side-ligual surface (st. sq. epith.)
-phangeal surface=pseudostr. st. col.
Cartilage is exterior to all structure
Vocal cords=strat. sq. epith
-True vocal cords=vocal ligament(elastic tissue) and sk. muscle(vocalis muscle)
-False other structure affect resonance and depth
Lung structures
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Alveolar duct
Trachea
Resp. epith.
Seromucosal gland in LP
Cartilage ring/C-ring under LP
-open end face post.
-against esophagus
-Sm. muscle bundle =trachealus muscle b/w C-ring
:diet determine if in(habivors) or out(carnivors) of muscle
Bronchi Tree
Trachea divided into 2 bronchi Enter lung hilum (post to lung) -blood/lumph vs. and N. enter too Bronchi incre. division=decr. cartilage -bronchopulmonary seg.
Bronchioles
NO cartilage, Sm. muscle Epith. =s. columnar and cubodial -both are ciliated and have Clara cells Clara cells -AKA club cells -no ciliated, submucosal/mucosal, goblet -secrete anti-inflam.
Alveolar duct
Alveoli bud off aveolar ducts to clusters
Maintain structure=ring or sm. muscle
S. sq. epith. w/ cap. (gas exchange)
Resp. is known for
Gas exchange within alveolar duct
Alveolus
Basal lamina=S. sq.
Type I alveolar=pneumocytes (S. sq.) Vs. type II alveolar(more cuboidal)
Mac=dust cells
Cap. for Gas exchange
-close to aveolus O2 and CO2
:goes through type II, basal lamina, cap wall and endoth. cell
Surfactant
Combo. of phosphlipid and surfactant prot.
-produce by clara/type II
-reduce surface tension in alveoli wall and p. need to inflate alveoli
-promote alveolar stability and maintain patency
-decre. H2O to enter alveoli=decre. edema
:phosphlipid r H2O phobic
Gas exchange by why type of cell
RBC by HB for O2 carrier
hemoglobin
4 heme moities (iron central)
Fe binds to O2 in oxygenation rxn
Bind reversibly O2 and CO2 =haladane effect and incre. affinity for CO2
-deO2(tense state and bind to CO2) or O2(relaxed state and bind to O2)
Lung protection and suppr
Human pleural
-Visceral=thin serosa on outter lung surface
-Parietal=mesothelium, CT and s. sq. epith.
Non carnivores
-viceral thicker
-parital septa (dense CT b/c epith.)
Lung vasculature
Systemic -standard nutrient delivery/remove waste Funcitonal -pulm. circulation deO2 blood =heart--> pulm. artery -cap.=gas exchange -O2 blood =pulm. vn--> heart.
