Resp.

Question 1

Inhale and Expire change lung vol. in thoracic?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

Describe inhalation

Answer 2

Intercostal muscle contract and draw ribs in
Diaphram contracts/pull dwn
Air in=Incre. vol and decre. P=

Question 3

Describe Expiration

Answer 3

Muscel relax
Elastic Fibers retraction
breath out=decre. Vol and Incre. P.

Question 4

Airway resp. epithelium

Answer 4

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar
Thick BsM
Highly Vascular CT to support goblet cells
-Function=protect/catch patho, matter and toxic chem.
-Components=H2O, Glycoprot.(2 crosslink monomer that bind to H2O a decre. viscoity and incre cilia move.)

Question 5

How does large and small airways keep patent

Answer 5

Large airways=muscle/cartilage
As the airways get smaller there is more muscles for incre. O2 exchange
Alveoli uses surfactant to maintain patency

Question 6

What does the nasal cavity do to air

Answer 6

humidify and filter particles

Question 7

Structures in the nasal cavity

Answer 7

Concha=sup/mid/inf. 
-incre. in other animals 
Vestibule=Air 1st enter 
-non keratinzed st. sq. to warmth/moist
Olfactory epith.=special area detecting chemical 
-non ciliated pseudo eptih. 
  :not goblet cell
-special bipolar olfactory cells 
  :dendrites-->nasal cavity
  :special Recp. for various of chem=incre. chem. varients 
  :axon-->brain (olfactory bulb)

Question 8

Pharynx

Answer 8

Nasopharynx

• sinuses connect to laynx
• resp. epith. line
• tonsils (medial pharngeal)
• open auditory canals

Question 9

Larynx

Answer 9

Reinforced Cartilage
Special for sound production
Epiglottis
-stop food enter
-allow air in resp.
-Apical side-ligual surface (st. sq. epith.)
-phangeal surface=pseudostr. st. col.
Cartilage is exterior to all structure
Vocal cords=strat. sq. epith
-True vocal cords=vocal ligament(elastic tissue) and sk. muscle(vocalis muscle)
-False other structure affect resonance and depth

Question 10

Lung structures

Answer 10

Trachea 
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Alveolar duct

Question 11

Trachea

Answer 11

Resp. epith.
Seromucosal gland in LP
Cartilage ring/C-ring under LP
-open end face post.
-against esophagus
-Sm. muscle bundle =trachealus muscle b/w C-ring
:diet determine if in(habivors) or out(carnivors) of muscle

Question 12

Bronchi Tree

Answer 12

Trachea divided into 2 bronchi 
Enter lung hilum (post to lung)
-blood/lumph vs. and N. enter too 
Bronchi incre. division=decr. cartilage 
-bronchopulmonary seg.

Question 13

Bronchioles

Answer 13

NO cartilage, 
Sm. muscle 
Epith. =s. columnar and cubodial 
-both are ciliated and have Clara cells 
Clara cells
-AKA club cells
-no ciliated, submucosal/mucosal, goblet 
-secrete anti-inflam.

Question 14

Alveolar duct

Answer 14

Alveoli bud off aveolar ducts to clusters
Maintain structure=ring or sm. muscle
S. sq. epith. w/ cap. (gas exchange)

Question 15

Resp. is known for

Answer 15

Gas exchange within alveolar duct

Question 16

Alveolus

Answer 16

Basal lamina=S. sq.
Type I alveolar=pneumocytes (S. sq.) Vs. type II alveolar(more cuboidal)
Mac=dust cells
Cap. for Gas exchange
-close to aveolus O2 and CO2
:goes through type II, basal lamina, cap wall and endoth. cell

Question 17

Surfactant

Answer 17

Combo. of phosphlipid and surfactant prot.
-produce by clara/type II
-reduce surface tension in alveoli wall and p. need to inflate alveoli
-promote alveolar stability and maintain patency
-decre. H2O to enter alveoli=decre. edema
:phosphlipid r H2O phobic

Question 18

Gas exchange by why type of cell

Answer 18

RBC by HB for O2 carrier

Question 19

hemoglobin

Answer 19

4 heme moities (iron central)
Fe binds to O2 in oxygenation rxn
Bind reversibly O2 and CO2 =haladane effect and incre. affinity for CO2
-deO2(tense state and bind to CO2) or O2(relaxed state and bind to O2)

Question 20

Lung protection and suppr

Answer 20

Human pleural
-Visceral=thin serosa on outter lung surface
-Parietal=mesothelium, CT and s. sq. epith.
Non carnivores
-viceral thicker
-parital septa (dense CT b/c epith.)

Question 21

Lung vasculature

Answer 21

Systemic 
-standard nutrient delivery/remove waste
Funcitonal
-pulm. circulation deO2 blood =heart--> pulm. artery 
-cap.=gas exchange 
-O2 blood =pulm. vn--> heart.