Endo: Pineal/Hypoth./Pit.

Question 1

Types of Hormone control

Answer 1

Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine

Question 2

Endocrine hormone control

Answer 2

Cell release horm. across BsM and CT
-enter cap. w/ fenestration/discont’
Goes to blood to go to target

Question 3

Paracrine hormone control

Answer 3

Release Hormone have on neighbor cell underline CT

Question 4

Hormone sig. types

Answer 4

cell surface recept. sig.
Nuclear initiated steroid sig.
Memb. initiated steriod sig.

Question 5

Cell surface recept.

Answer 5

Non lipid horm.

G prot. –>2nd messenger–>DNA transcrip./ion channles

Question 6

Memb.-initiated steroid

Answer 6

Lipid horm.
Recep. in Caveolae
- ~ sig. as non-lipid
-action on DNA transcript./+ion channels or nuclei

Question 7

Nuclear initiated steroid

Answer 7

MC sex horm./glucocorticode

Recep. in cyto. or nucleus for DNA transcrib. or +dna

Question 8

aka name/location of pineal gland

Answer 8

AKA Epiphysis cerebri
Midbrain w/in ventricle wall post
-flattened, pine cone shape structure

Question 9

Pineal gland production

Answer 9

Melatonin

Question 10

Melatonin

Answer 10

Inhibits gonadal horm. in humnas 
-re. reproductive function 
-inhibt. GnRH production in pit. 
Reg. diurnal cycle 
-by light control in retina 
  :Dark/nihgt=+melatonin 
  :light/day= - melatonin 
Reg. NT=Serotinin, N. EPI, dopamin and histamine

Question 11

Pineal gland cells

Answer 11

Pinealcytes and glial cells

Question 12

Pinealcytes

Answer 12

W/in parenchyma
Produce melatonin
W/in lobules: clumps/cords surrounded by CT septa
Lrg nucleus w/ prom. nucleolus/nucleoli
Lipid droplet in cytop.
Typical N. endocrine cells=cytop. porcess contact w/ BV
-~ axon/dendrites

Question 13

Glial Cells

Answer 13

W/in interstial cell
only 5% cells
~ astrocyte/puricytes

Question 14

Brain sand

Answer 14

Corpora Arenacea

Question 15

Corpora Arenacea location

Answer 15

Pineal Gland

Question 16

Corpora Arenancea overview

Answer 16

Unique for pineal gland 
Calcified conc. in human 
Secrete Ca2+ phosphate and carbonate crystals 
-relased on carrier prot. by pineolocyte 
Recog. in childhood 
-Inc. w/ age 
Opaque to X-ray
-midine marker in CT/radiograph
-deflection indication pathology

Question 17

Stimuli that activate hypothalamus

Answer 17

Sensitive to sensory stimuli
-light, olfactory, automonmic
Other stimuli
-blood borne: steroids, hormones, blood gluc.

Question 18

Hormones released by hypothalamus

Answer 18

Release peptides hormones to activate pit.
-neurohypophysis
:some horm. accum. in axons
:N. tissue
-adenohypophysis
:Release in median eminance difuse in hypophysis
:Glandular tissue

Question 19

Hypothesis-anatomy

Answer 19

2 nuclei in hypoth. for pot. pit.
-paraventicular nuc.
-supraoptic nuc. (above/assoc. optic N.)
Infundibulum/hypothalamohypophyseal tract
-a part of the stalk and allow axons into post. pit.

Question 20

Horm. b/w post. and ant. pit.

Answer 20

Post.=oxytocin and vasopressin(ADH) 
Ant.
-GHRH-->GH(somatoprisin) 
-Somatostatin(GIT)
  : -GH/insulin 
-dopamin=NT in CNS
  : - prolactin 
-CRH-->ACTH
-GnRH-->LH/FSH
-TRH-->TSH

Question 21

Connection b/w hypothalamus and pit.

Answer 21

Pars tuberalis=the conction of hypoht./pit.
Infundibulum
-N. tract and glial cells
Pars intermedia=b/w post. and ant. pit.

Question 22

Pit. gland sig. basic

Answer 22

Hypoth. sig. pit.
2 gland=post (N.) and ant. (horm.)
Send sig. to endocrine gland/target cells

Question 23

Neurohypohphysis

Answer 23

AKA post. par nervosa 
Hythpoth. N. land in gland 
-N. secretory bodies=Herring bodies contain horm. 
  :oxytocin= + sm. muscle contraction 
    *myoepith. cells for lactating breast 
    *uterus for child birth 
  :ADH/vesopressin 
    *Incre. H2O absrotion in kid. 
    *incre. vasoconstruction 
-Pituicytes(glial cell)=nuclei

Question 24

Par intermedia

Answer 24

Location=adeno/n. hypophysis
Human=ruminants rathke pouch
-both N./oropharynx ectoderm evagination forming pouch that closes/reminants
:other cavity to other mammals
-colloid filled w/ follicles (eosinophils)
:simp. cub. epith.
-Also basophils/chromophobe (also in ant. pit.)
-Mammals function (not clear in human)
:basophil=endorphins, melanocyt +horm.

Question 25

Adenohypophysis

Answer 25

AKA=ant. pit./pars distalis/pars anterior 
Cells=need IHC to see diff. b/w cells 
-acidophils=incre. eosin 
  :somatostropic=GF
  :mammotropic=porlactin 
-basophils=incre. baso. 
  :gonadotropic=gonads
  :corticotropics
  :thyrotropic 
-chromophobes=stem cells
  :empty cytop.
  :dnt stain well b/c dnt secrete 
  :depleted cells

Question 26

Corticotropin-releasing horm.

Answer 26

Produced by hypoth.
Stim. relase of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) by corticotropic basophils
PMOC is cleaved into 2
-Beta-lipotropin (B-LPH)
:stim. melanocytes producing melanin
:induces lipolysis and steroidogenesis
-ACTH

Question 27

difference in hormones between acidophils and basophil cells

Answer 27

Acidophils=peptide

Basophils=glycoprotein

Question 28

Pituicytes myelinated or not

Answer 28

they are unmylienated axons