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Histo 3 > Para/Thyroid and Adrenal gland > Flashcards

Para/Thyroid and Adrenal gland Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of Adrenal gland

A

AKA suprarenal gland
Anatomical on superior poriton of kidney
Surrounded by adipose tissue

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2
Q

Layers of Adrenal gland

A

Capsule
Cortex=mesodermal tissue
Medulla=N. creast
-post gang. N.

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3
Q

Adrenal gland-capsule

A

Dense CT

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4
Q

Where are the endocrine gland located in the adrenal gland

A

Cortex

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5
Q

Adrenal gland hormones

A

All are relased in blood
Cortex=steroid hormones
Peptide hormrone/catecholamines=medulla
-released by N. sig. (sympathetic presynpatic N. endings)

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6
Q

How many layers in the Adrenal gland cortex

A

3 Zone w/ cells secreted steroid hormones=incre. lippid droplet in cytop.

  • Zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasiculata
  • Zona retiuclaris
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7
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Produce mineral corticoid=Main aldosterone
Cells are arranged in circle (ie glomerulose)
REg. by angio. II

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8
Q

Aldosterone

A

Bind to highly expressed mineralcorticoid recep. in cytop.
-w/in distal nephron, colon, hippocampus
Act through aldosteron reg. kinase
-affect Na. channels
Function
-Reg. ECF vol. =incre. Na transporter to reduce H2O excretion
-Control K+ homeostasis=decre. Na excretion while incre. K+ excretion

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9
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

Cells=lighter stain in ribbon formation
-spongiocytes=spongy app b/c incre. lipid content and incre. SER (steriod horm.)
Produce gludocorticoid=cortisol (stress horm.)
Reg. by ACTH

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10
Q

Cortisol

A 
Activates multiple metabolic 
-Gluconeogensis 
-Glycogen formation in liver 
-fat metabilization in adipose
-prot. degradation in muscle 
-suppress immune syst. 
  :decre. cytokine product/lymphpoiesis (immune cells) 
  :incre. stress=incre. chances of sick
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11
Q

Zona reticularis

A

Not well arranged cells=reticulated fashion
Produce cortisol but mainly wk androgren DHEA
Reg. by ACTH

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12
Q

What can wk androgen DHEA cn be converted into

A

testosterone

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13
Q

What type of cells are found in the medulla of the Adrenal gland

A

Chromaffin cells and ganglion/nerve

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14
Q

Chromaffin cells

A 
Secretory cells 
Modified N. 
Secrete peptide/catacholamines 
-stored in granules 
-detected by using potassium dicrhomates 
  :help create a dark brown color
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15
Q

Catacholamine

A

N. epi(less potent) and Epi.(adrenalin)

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16
Q

Adrenaline

A

Fight/flight=incre. activity/E to muscle and incre. O2 in BV/sk. muscel
Function
-Vasoconstriction
:incre. activation of sm. muscle
:incre. BP(also renin)
:incre. HR=cardiac muscle and incre. F/rate
-Blood gluc.=glucagon (pancreas) and incre. insulin(incre muscle gluc.)
-other metabolic (thyroid horm.)

17
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Rare chromaffin cell tumor
Incre. adrenalin
Cn be malig/begnin
Cn kill by heart attack

18
Q

blood vessel in the medulla

A

Adrenomedullary vn,
-longitudinal sm. muscle in tunica media
:no circle sm. muscle
-drain directlh into inf. vena cava(rit side) or left renal van (left side)
-cn contract w/ organ to incre. the relase of the horm
-supplied by cortex/medulla sinusoid venules
:sm. BV near cell b/c endocrine organ=no secreting duct but CT=blood

19
Q

cortical vasculature

A

Horm.ā€“>BVā€“>tissue
Caspuslor plexus=fensustrated
-@ capsule
Medullary arter goes throught cortex into medulla
-dup in medullary vn
Fenestrated cortical capillaies in cortex

20
Q

Why arnt all horm. created throughout the cortex

A

b/c of type of enzyme needed
CYP17 is only in zona fasculata dn retiularis NOT GLOMERULOS
-17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase
-produce cortisol and sex horm.

21
Q

Thyroid does what type of regulation

A

metabolic reg.

22
Q

Thyroid anatomicly

A

2 lobes connected by the isthmus
Neart the arch of cirocid
develop downward

23
Q

Thyroid gland organization

A

Outer capsule

Lobules

24
Q

Thyroid gland-out capsule

A

Dense CT

Parathyroid glands

25
Q

Thyroid gland-lobules

A 
Separated by CT septa 
Follicles w/in lobule 
-Parenchyma 
-Lined w/ simple epithelium 
  :cuboidal=active 
  :sq.=inact. 
Filled w/ colloid 
Parafolicular cells b/w lobules in BsM
26
Q

Thyroid gland-colloid

A 
Thyroglobulin 
-Stores Thyroid horm. 
-lrg. glycoprot. w/ no horm. activie 
-140 tyr. need to make thyroid 
Thyroid stim. horm(TSH)
-produced by pit.
-+ all phases of thyroid horm.
27
Q

Thyroid horm. prod.

A 
Thyroglobulin 
-produced RER 
-glycosylated 
-exocytosed into follicular lumen 
Iodid form blood 
-Na/iodid symp. @ basal memb.(NIS)
-Iodide/chlorid symp. (pendrin) 
  :iodide-->lumen oxidized @ apical surface by thyroid persxidase 
  :then iodided-->iodine 
Follicle lumen 
-Tyr of thyroglobulin r iodinated by covalent biding of 1-2 iodine molec. 
-Iodinated Tyr r cong. to produced horm. 
Release horm. of T3/4 
-iodinated thyroglobulin is absorbed into follicular cell through endocytosis 
-vessicle fuse w/ lysosomes 
  :transported to basal region 
-T3/4 freed from thryoglobulin 
  :transported from thyroglobulin
28
Q

Thyroid horm. actions

A

T3/4=growth, cell dif., basal metabolic rate, O2/heat consumption cross BBB
T4=liver and kid.
T3=TRH/TSH and prolactin
Other metabolic=carb, lipid, prot.

29
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

Surrounded by follice b/w follicle cells and BsM
AKA C cell
contain calcitonin
-recep. on osteoclast for inhibition
:when blood Ca2+ is high
lighter stain than other follicular cells

30
Q

Parathyroid overview

A

located on post capsule of thyroid

Location varies b/c embryonic migration

31
Q

Parathyroid-organization

A

2 types of cells
-cheif cells and oxyphils
Stroma=reticular fibers to support cheif cells

32
Q

Parathyroid-cheif cells

A

hormone producing PTH(parathryorid horm.)

33
Q

Parathyroid-oxyphil cells

A 
MC in older ppl 
-appear in puberty and incre. in older age 
lrg/incre eosin cytop. 
-b/c incre. mitoch. 
DNT secrete PTH/inactive cells
34
Q

PTH

A

Polypeptide
Released by cheif cells
Decre. blood Ca2+ levels=+GCPR and PTH released
-incre. blood Ca+=Ca2+ bind to recep. and inhibit PTH released
Released PTH
-bind to osteoblast
:osteoblast release osteoclast stim. factor
-Osteoclast absrob bone tissue
:release Ca2+ and Phosphate
Function
-phosphate goes to renal tubuels=incre. phosphate excretion ans incre. Ca2+ reabsorp.
-inhibit osteoblast too
-stim. Vit. D synth.=incre. Ca2+ absorpt. in GIT

Histo 3 (13 decks)

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