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summer 2024 > research midterm > Flashcards

research midterm Flashcards

1
Q

basic research

A

acquisition of new knowledge, may not have direct clinical implications

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2
Q

applied (clinical) research

A

advances developments, answers questions with direct clinical application.
classified as explanatory, exploratory or descriptive.

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3
Q

types of clinical research

A

patient oriented
epidemiologic and behavioral studies
outcomes research and health sciences research

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4
Q

qualitative research

A

capture naturally occuring phenomena

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5
Q

quantitative research

A

logical and controlled relationship among variables

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6
Q

scientific method

A

systemic, empirical, controlled, critical

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7
Q

research process

A

identify question
design study
implement study
analyze data
share findings

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8
Q

experimental research

A

highest degree of validity
RCT is gold standard

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9
Q

efficacy

A

effectiveness of intervention under ideal conditions

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10
Q

effectiveness

A

in real world conditions

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11
Q

PICO

A

P- population or problem
I- intervention, independent variable
C- comparison
O- outcomes

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12
Q

characteristics of a good research question

A

important
ethical
feasible

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13
Q

what is a theory

A

untested hunch
a set of interrelated concepts that specifies relationships among variables

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14
Q

purpose of theories

A

summarize existing knowledge
predict
stimulate development of new knowledge
provides basis for asking questions for applied research

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15
Q

concepts

A

building blocks of theories
become variables
must be operationally defined

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16
Q

constructs

A

intangible concepts
not observable
measured by correlated behaviors

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17
Q

propositions

A

concepts integrated into generalized theory
state relationships between variables

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18
Q

models

A

simplification of theory
structural representation of concepts within phenomenon

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19
Q

deductive reasoning

A

theory to confirmation
top-down
few or nor prior observations
broad to specific

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20
Q

inductive reasoning

A

observation to theory
bottom-up
starts with empirical observation
specific to broad

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21
Q

characteristics of good theories

A

rational
testable
economical
relevant
adaptable

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22
Q

ways of knowing
best to worse

A

scientific evidence
inductive/deductive reasoning
experience
authority
tradition

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23
Q

scientific method steps

A

question
hypothesis
experiment
results
conclusion

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24
Q

evidence based practice

A

integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values

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25
hierarchy of evidence most bias control to least
experimental designs quasi-experimental non-experimental case report/anecdote
26
evidence is not enough
patient values and expectations your own clinical experience benefits and risks circumstances and setting
27
pyramid of certainty
SR of RCT RCT SR of cohort studies cohort studies SR of case control studies case control studies case studies clinical experience, expert opinion, mechanism based reasoning
28
3 pillars of EBP
evidence expertise pt values
29
clinical circumstances
space cost skill
30
process of EBP (5 a’s)
ask acquire appraise apply assess
31
researchers must
assure pt rights practice honesty and integrity justify project based on potential scientific value of results conduct meaningful research
32
obligations
minimize effect of personal bias in measurement never falsify or misrepresent data avoid conflict of interest publish findings
33
how does research differ from clinical practice?
intents innovative plan
34
guiding ethical principles
respect for persons beneficence justice
35
4 components of informed consent
disclosure comprehension voluntariness competence
36
do participants have to be informed of control group?
yes
37
do participants have the right to switch groups?
yes, and should be offered treatment at end of trial.
38
when does informed consent start?
before data collection starts and continues for duration of study. it is constant.
39
who are vulnerable populations?
prisoners pregnant children developmental disability, mental illness
40
types of harm
physical- injury, side-effects, no improvement economic social
41
Nuremberg code
first formal guidelines voluntary consent competence of investigator
42
declaration of helsinki
independent review of protocols
43
belmont report
common rule -respect for persons -beneficence -justice
44
national research act
clearly stated research design informed consent IRB
45
IRB members
at least 5 -not all same gender -not all same professional group -one member primarily concerned with nonscientific issues -one public member
46
purpose of IRB
ensure respect for persons via informed consent ensure beneficence via assessing risks and benefits ensure justice via fair subject selection
47
ultimate goal: scientific truth
replication appropriate power validity in study design and analysis
48
nominal variables
no numerical order
49
dichotomous nominal variables
when there can only be two answers ex. yes/no
50
ordinal variables
rank order, unequal variables
51
interval variables
rank order, equal intervals, no true zero
52
ratio variables
interval scale with true zero, no negatives
53
if convert to lower scale...
... lose information
54
can you convert to higher scale?
no.
55
reliabilty
reproducibility, consistency can repeat on 2+ occasions
56
validity
accuracy, correctness
57
measurement error equation
observed score = true score +/- error
58
systematic error
always over/underestimate
59
random error
due to chance unpredictable
60
regression to mean
random measurement errors are random will equal out over time
61
rater measurement error
error in perception of recording
62
instrument measurement error
not calibrated
63
variability of characteristic being observed error
something that is always changing ex. blood glucose
64
relative reliability
ratio of total variability between scores to variability within scores (ICC and kappa)
65
absolute reliabilitiy
how much is likely due to error (standard error of the measurement)
66
acceptable ICC values
>0.90 = best for clinical measures >0.80 = acceptable >0.75 = good <0.75 = poor to moderate
67
how to improve reliability?
standardize measurement methods take multiple measurements train and test observers calibrate and improve instruments automate instruments blind to reduce bias choose sample with range of scores
68
test-retest reliability
instrument is capable of measuring a variable consistently
69
considerations for test-retest
interval between tests carryover testing effects change over time
70
intra-rater reliability
within-rater same rater
71
rater bias
influenced by memory of first score
72
inter-rater reliability
between raters
73
internal consistency
often used to evaluate scales how well items reflect same construct yield similar results
74
split half reliability
divide and compare halves
75
alternate forms reliability
2 versions of same instrument same unit of measurement
76
issues affecting validity
levels of measurement reliability stability baseline score
77
responsiveness
detect small but meaningful change
78
minimal detectable change (MCD)
real; not clinically significant
79
minimal clinically important difference (MCID)
real; clinically significant normally larger than MCD
80
measurement validity (3 items)
can the test -discriminate -evaluate -predict
81
face validity and who it’s judged by
appears to test what is intended judged by users of test after development
82
content validity and who it’s judged by.
adequately represent concept typically questionnaire measured by expert panel review
83
3 requirements for content validity
represent full scope of construct number of items proportionate to importance of component no irrelevant items
84
criterion-related validity
can outcomes be substituted for established gold standard
85
concurrent validity
scores form new measure correlate with scores from well-established measure administered at same time
86
predictive validity
outcome of target test can be used to predict future criterion score
87
construct validity
ability to measure theoretical dimensions of construct
88
methods of construct validity
known groups method convergence and divergence factor analysis
89
population
persons, objects, events that meet specific criteria
90
target populations
larger populations to which results will be generalized
91
accessible population
actual population of subjects available to be chosen for study
92
sample
subgroup of population of accessible population which allows results to be generalized to population
93
inclusion criteria
what makes someone eligible
94
exclusion criteria
would preclude someone from being a subject if meet inclusion criteria
95
sampling bias
systematically misrepresents population conscious or unconscious
96
sampling error
randomly misrepresents population
97
probability samples
random selection considered representative of population can estimate sampling error
98
non-probability samples
non-random not considered representative of population cannot estimate sampling error
99
simple random sampling
random sampling
100
systematic sampling
select every nth person
101
stratified random sampling
specify a number from each category
102
cluster sampling
multilayer/stage counties>city blocks>households>individuals
103
convenience sampling
basis on availability volunteers
104
quota sampling
specify number from each category, but not random
105
purposive sampling
subjects hand-picked by specific criteria

summer 2024 (19 decks)

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