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summer 2024 > research midterm > Flashcards

research midterm Flashcards

1
Q

basic research

A

acquisition of new knowledge, may not have direct clinical implications

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2
Q

applied (clinical) research

A

advances developments, answers questions with direct clinical application.
classified as explanatory, exploratory or descriptive.

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3
Q

types of clinical research

A

patient oriented
epidemiologic and behavioral studies
outcomes research and health sciences research

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4
Q

qualitative research

A

capture naturally occuring phenomena

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5
Q

quantitative research

A

logical and controlled relationship among variables

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6
Q

scientific method

A

systemic, empirical, controlled, critical

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7
Q

research process

A

identify question
design study
implement study
analyze data
share findings

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8
Q

experimental research

A

highest degree of validity
RCT is gold standard

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9
Q

efficacy

A

effectiveness of intervention under ideal conditions

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10
Q

effectiveness

A

in real world conditions

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11
Q

PICO

A

P- population or problem
I- intervention, independent variable
C- comparison
O- outcomes

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12
Q

characteristics of a good research question

A

important
ethical
feasible

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13
Q

what is a theory

A

untested hunch
a set of interrelated concepts that specifies relationships among variables

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14
Q

purpose of theories

A

summarize existing knowledge
predict
stimulate development of new knowledge
provides basis for asking questions for applied research

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15
Q

concepts

A

building blocks of theories
become variables
must be operationally defined

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16
Q

constructs

A

intangible concepts
not observable
measured by correlated behaviors

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17
Q

propositions

A

concepts integrated into generalized theory
state relationships between variables

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18
Q

models

A

simplification of theory
structural representation of concepts within phenomenon

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19
Q

deductive reasoning

A

theory to confirmation
top-down
few or nor prior observations
broad to specific

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20
Q

inductive reasoning

A

observation to theory
bottom-up
starts with empirical observation
specific to broad

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21
Q

characteristics of good theories

A

rational
testable
economical
relevant
adaptable

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22
Q

ways of knowing
best to worse

A

scientific evidence
inductive/deductive reasoning
experience
authority
tradition

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23
Q

scientific method steps

A

question
hypothesis
experiment
results
conclusion

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24
Q

evidence based practice

A

integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values

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25
Q

hierarchy of evidence
most bias control to least

A

experimental designs
quasi-experimental
non-experimental
case report/anecdote

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26
Q

evidence is not enough

A

patient values and expectations
your own clinical experience
benefits and risks
circumstances and setting

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27
Q

pyramid of certainty

A

SR of RCT
RCT
SR of cohort studies
cohort studies
SR of case control studies
case control studies
case studies
clinical experience, expert opinion, mechanism based reasoning

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28
Q

3 pillars of EBP

A

evidence
expertise
pt values

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29
Q

clinical circumstances

A

space
cost
skill

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30
Q

process of EBP (5 a’s)

A

ask
acquire
appraise
apply
assess

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31
Q

researchers must

A

assure pt rights
practice honesty and integrity
justify project based on potential scientific value of results
conduct meaningful research

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32
Q

obligations

A

minimize effect of personal bias in measurement
never falsify or misrepresent data
avoid conflict of interest
publish findings

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33
Q

how does research differ from clinical practice?

A

intents
innovative
plan

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34
Q

guiding ethical principles

A

respect for persons
beneficence
justice

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35
Q

4 components of informed consent

A

disclosure
comprehension
voluntariness
competence

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36
Q

do participants have to be informed of control group?

A

yes

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37
Q

do participants have the right to switch groups?

A

yes, and should be offered treatment at end of trial.

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38
Q

when does informed consent start?

A

before data collection starts and continues for duration of study. it is constant.

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39
Q

who are vulnerable populations?

A

prisoners
pregnant
children
developmental disability, mental illness

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40
Q

types of harm

A

physical- injury, side-effects, no improvement
economic
social

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41
Q

Nuremberg code

A

first formal guidelines
voluntary consent
competence of investigator

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42
Q

declaration of helsinki

A

independent review of protocols

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43
Q

belmont report

A

common rule
-respect for persons
-beneficence
-justice

44
Q

national research act

A

clearly stated research design
informed consent
IRB

45
Q

IRB members

A

at least 5
-not all same gender
-not all same professional group
-one member primarily concerned with nonscientific issues
-one public member

46
Q

purpose of IRB

A

ensure respect for persons via informed consent
ensure beneficence via assessing risks and benefits
ensure justice via fair subject selection

47
Q

ultimate goal: scientific truth

A

replication
appropriate power
validity in study design and analysis

48
Q

nominal variables

A

no numerical order

49
Q

dichotomous nominal variables

A

when there can only be two answers
ex. yes/no

50
Q

ordinal variables

A

rank order, unequal variables

51
Q

interval variables

A

rank order, equal intervals, no true zero

52
Q

ratio variables

A

interval scale with true zero, no negatives

53
Q

if convert to lower scale…

A

… lose information

54
Q

can you convert to higher scale?

A

no.

55
Q

reliabilty

A

reproducibility, consistency
can repeat on 2+ occasions

56
Q

validity

A

accuracy, correctness

57
Q

measurement error equation

A

observed score = true score +/- error

58
Q

systematic error

A

always over/underestimate

59
Q

random error

A

due to chance
unpredictable

60
Q

regression to mean

A

random measurement errors are random
will equal out over time

61
Q

rater measurement error

A

error in perception of recording

62
Q

instrument measurement error

A

not calibrated

63
Q

variability of characteristic being observed error

A

something that is always changing
ex. blood glucose

64
Q

relative reliability

A

ratio of total variability between scores to variability within scores
(ICC and kappa)

65
Q

absolute reliabilitiy

A

how much is likely due to error
(standard error of the measurement)

66
Q

acceptable ICC values

A

> 0.90 = best for clinical measures
0.80 = acceptable
0.75 = good
<0.75 = poor to moderate

67
Q

how to improve reliability?

A

standardize measurement methods
take multiple measurements
train and test observers
calibrate and improve instruments
automate instruments
blind to reduce bias
choose sample with range of scores

68
Q

test-retest reliability

A

instrument is capable of measuring a variable consistently

69
Q

considerations for test-retest

A

interval between tests
carryover
testing effects
change over time

70
Q

intra-rater reliability

A

within-rater
same rater

71
Q

rater bias

A

influenced by memory of first score

72
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

between raters

73
Q

internal consistency

A

often used to evaluate scales
how well items reflect same construct yield similar results

74
Q

split half reliability

A

divide and compare halves

75
Q

alternate forms reliability

A

2 versions of same instrument
same unit of measurement

76
Q

issues affecting validity

A

levels of measurement
reliability
stability
baseline score

77
Q

responsiveness

A

detect small but meaningful change

78
Q

minimal detectable change (MCD)

A

real; not clinically significant

79
Q

minimal clinically important difference (MCID)

A

real; clinically significant
normally larger than MCD

80
Q

measurement validity (3 items)

A

can the test
-discriminate
-evaluate
-predict

81
Q

face validity and who it’s judged by

A

appears to test what is intended
judged by users of test after development

82
Q

content validity and who it’s judged by.

A

adequately represent concept
typically questionnaire
measured by expert panel review

83
Q

3 requirements for content validity

A

represent full scope of construct
number of items proportionate to importance of component
no irrelevant items

84
Q

criterion-related validity

A

can outcomes be substituted for established gold standard

85
Q

concurrent validity

A

scores form new measure correlate with scores from well-established measure administered at same time

86
Q

predictive validity

A

outcome of target test can be used to predict future criterion score

87
Q

construct validity

A

ability to measure theoretical dimensions of construct

88
Q

methods of construct validity

A

known groups method
convergence and divergence
factor analysis

89
Q

population

A

persons, objects, events that meet specific criteria

90
Q

target populations

A

larger populations to which results will be generalized

91
Q

accessible population

A

actual population of subjects available to be chosen for study

92
Q

sample

A

subgroup of population of accessible population which allows results to be generalized to population

93
Q

inclusion criteria

A

what makes someone eligible

94
Q

exclusion criteria

A

would preclude someone from being a subject if meet inclusion criteria

95
Q

sampling bias

A

systematically misrepresents population
conscious or unconscious

96
Q

sampling error

A

randomly misrepresents population

97
Q

probability samples

A

random selection
considered representative of population
can estimate sampling error

98
Q

non-probability samples

A

non-random
not considered representative of population
cannot estimate sampling error

99
Q

simple random sampling

A

random sampling

100
Q

systematic sampling

A

select every nth person

101
Q

stratified random sampling

A

specify a number from each category

102
Q

cluster sampling

A

multilayer/stage
counties>city blocks>households>individuals

103
Q

convenience sampling

A

basis on availability
volunteers

104
Q

quota sampling

A

specify number from each category, but not random

105
Q

purposive sampling

A

subjects hand-picked by specific criteria

summer 2024 (9 decks)

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