Research final Flashcards

1
Q

experimental research

A

based on logical structure or design
inferences about cause and effect
designed to control for confounding variables

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2
Q

extraneous variables

A

an factor not related to purpose of the study which may affect dependent variables
when uncontrolled, become confounding variables

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3
Q

true experimental designs (essential 3)

A

independent variable manipulated by experimenter
include control or comparison group
random assignment

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4
Q

random assignment

A

each participant has equal chance of being assigned to any group
helps control for extraneous variables and prognostic indictors

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5
Q

simple random assignment

A

equal chance of either group
may have unequal groups

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6
Q

block random assignment

A

divided equally into blocks

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7
Q

stratified random assignment

A

when certain attributes may be confounding

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8
Q

cluster random assignment

A

each cluster randomly assigned a treatment
all members of a cluster get same treatment

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9
Q

concealed allocation

A

when a participant is determined to be eligible, researchers do not know group assignment

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10
Q

statistical conclusion validity

A

is there a relationship between IV and DV?

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11
Q

internal validity (3 components)

A

is evidence of a casual relationship between IV and DP

temporal precedence
covariation of cause and effect
no plausible alternative explanation

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12
Q

construct validity

A

to what constructs can results be generalized

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13
Q

external validity

A

can results be generalized to other persons, settings, or times

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14
Q

order of experimental design validity

A

statistical conclusion validity
internal validity
construct validity
external validity

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15
Q

internal threats

A

history
maturation
attrition
testing
instrumentation
regression to mean
selection
social interaction

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16
Q

internal validity: social threats

A

diffusion/imitation - imitate experimental group
compensatory equalization - treat control differently
compensatory rivalry - control works extra hard
demoralization - control gives up

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17
Q

ruling out threats to internal validity

A

random assignment
blinding

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18
Q

threats to construct validity

A

operational definitions
comprehensive measurements
time frame
multiple treatment interactions

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19
Q

threats to external validity

A

influence of selection
influence of settings
influence of history

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20
Q

noncompliance

A

refuse assigned treatment after allocation
cross over to another group
withdraw from study

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21
Q

missing data

A

need to account
concerning if >20%
especially if related to treatment

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22
Q

per protocol analysis

A

analyze only who complete

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23
Q

intention to treat analysis

A

analyze with the group they were assigned to

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24
Q

quasi-experimental

A

may lack randomization
may lack comparison group
may lack both

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25
between subjects design
assigned to independent groups
26
within subjects design
participants act as their own controls
27
factorial
how we describe designs that have 2+ IV
28
independent groups
different people in each level of the IV between subjects
29
one way designs
only one IV single factor
30
pretest-posttest control group design
both groups measured before and after treatment cause and effect strong internal validity
31
posttest only
no pretest when pretest is impractical, contraindicated or reactive strong internal validity assume groups are randomly assigned
32
two way factorial design
two or more independent variables
33
randomized block design
1 attribute IV is not randomized same number of subjects in each level
34
repeated measures
same people in each level of IV within subject
35
one way repeated measures design
subjects exposed to all levels no control group
36
effects of repeated measures
practice effects - get better carryover effects - still present order effects - latin square
37
crossover designs
randomized to treatment square control for order effects only when condition is stable considerations for wash out period
38
mixed design
one IV is RM one IV is IG
39
PEDro
11 questions, 10 points question 1 is not scored
40
Quasi-experimental designs
lack random assignment, comparison group, or both
41
time series designs
single group - time is IV
42
one group pretest-posttest design
all receive same treatment no comparison group - limits validity IV is time - two levels - pre and posttest
43
when are one group pretest-posttest designs defendable?
behavior of control group over time has been documented ethical implications of withholding treatment time interval from pretest to posttest is very short - limits confounding and other threats to internal validity
44
repeated measures
NOT true experiment, but can be viewed in similar light no comparison group, limits in and ex validity
45
interrupted time series design
multiple measures of DV interrupted by treatment no comparison, limits validity
46
nonequivalent group designs
not formed by randomization - existing or self-selected groups
47
nonequivalent pre/posttest control group design
no RA intact groups control over threats to internal validity
48
historical controls
receive a different treatment during an earlier time period
49
nonequivalent posttest only control group design
no RA no pretest exploratory
50
downsides of group experimentation
require control groups and large numbers time intensive too few measurements treatments are standardized usually not feasible for clinicians averaging results and losing individual
51
single subject design studies
within subject allows for C&E inferences due to control phase and planning consistent with EBP on individual patients
52
characteristics of SSDS
not a case report/study controlled manipulation of an IV extended baseline phase before intervention intervention introduced when condition is stable continuous assessment
53
baseline phase
evaluating for stability and trend
54
length of phases
extend until stability id reached minimum of 3-4 data point for each phase
55
target behavior
patient focused needs to be quantitative
56
Single subject AB design
baseline followed by treatment can observe changes unsure if confounding, maturation, or learned effect
57
limitations of AB
no control cannot conclude causality
58
SS BC design
control intervention (B) followed by experimental intervention (C)
59
ABA design
can determine if intervention truly caused change behavior must be reversible
60
multiple baseline across subjects
most common same intervention, varying baseline phases
61
multiple baseline across settings
one individual monitored in multiple settings with same intervention
62
multiple baseline across behviors
one treatment, multiple clinical behaviors
63
limitations of SS designs
ethical issues with withhold treatment in baseline little control over threats to internal validity limited generalizability statistic are in infancy
64
exploratory research
relationship among 2 variables
65
observational
are exploratory data collected as naturally exist no manipulation of variables
66
longitudinal studies
prospective - exposed/unexposed beforehand retrospective - outcome is known, look in records
67
cross-sectional studies
snapshot less time and money
68
epidemiology: measuring risk
studying determinants of disease, injury, dysfunction dichotomous variables
69
case control and cohort studies
study risk factors association between disease and exposure
70
cohort studies
relative risk grouped by exposure
71
case-control studies
odds risk grouped by outcome select all from same population
72
interpretation of RR and OR
= 1 null > 1 postive association, harmful < 1 negative association, protective
73
factors to consider for causality (5)
time sequence strength of association biological credibility consistency dose-response relationship
74
challenges for case control studies
no randomization collecting from med records observation bias recall bias
74
challenges for cohort studies
time bias and attrition misclassification of exposure outcome may not occur in sufficient numbers
75
cross sectional studies
snapshot in time all variables measured at same time used in diagnostic used for efficiency do not know time sequence
76
developmental research
natural history of phenomenon
77
normative research
describe typical or standard values
78
descriptive surveys
questionnaires or responses to interview overall picture of characteristics, attitudes, behaviors characteristics or risk factors for disease/dysfunction
79
case report/case series
detailed description of condition or treatment response purpose - understanding unusual pt conditions - innovative therapies - future research directives retrospective does not meet IRB definition of research
80
diagnostic tests - 3 purposes
focus examination identify problems that require physician referral assist in classification
81
studies for diagnostic accuracy
index test - test being studied gold standard - accurate indication of true status
82
diagnosis - EBP perspective
probabilities and limiting uncertainty
83
pretest probability
baseline probability of certain condition before any testing
84
posttest probability
revised likelihood of the diagnosis on outcome of test
85
test threshold
probability below test will not be ordered possibility of diagnosis is so remote
86
treatment threshold
probability above test will not be ordered possibility of diagnosis so great
87
basic structure of diagnostic study
series of pts index test gold standard compare results of IT and GS
88
key methodological aspects of diagnostic studies
was there a comparison to gold standard? were the individuals interpreting each test's results unaware of the other test's results? were subjects with all levels of disorder included? did all subjects undergo both tests?
89
100% sensitivity
all true positives rule out when test negative good screening test are highly sensitive
90
100% specificity
all true negatives rule in when test positive more important for diagnostic special tests
91
positive predictive values
identify pts with the disease from all positive test results
92
negative
identify pts without the disease from all negative test results
93
likelihood ratios
sensitivity information combined with specificity information if diagnostic test positive use +LR if diagnostic test negative use -LR
94
clinical prediction rules
diagnosis - rule in screening - rule out factors that predict response to treatment
95
CPR for diagnosis
improve accuracy of diagnostic assessments
96
CPR for prognosis
can we expect certain outcomes based on a cluster of findings
97
validating CPRs
deriving the model validation of the rule impact analysis
98
issues with CPRs
most dont move past derivation
99
qualitative research (%)
4% of what was published in PTJ in 2018
100
qualitative
understanding discovering frameworks interview/observation texual (words) theory generating quality of informant > sample size subjective model of analysis: fidelity to text or words of interviewees
101
qualitative research
all interactions are inherently social phenomena inductive process - narrow to broad occurs in natural setting
102
purposes of qualitative
generating theories developing theories to explain observed phenomena investigating complex phenomena - sociocultural influences - organizational processes - exploring special populations
103
why doesnt the research question apply to qualitative research?
PICO do not apply no specific hypothesis based on question
104
ethnography
describes cultural characteristics and behaviors in specific groups - investigators immerse themselves - participants called inormants
105
ground theory
individual responses contribute to understanding theoretical relationships that can explain behavior - constant comparison
106
phenomenology
seeks to explain how events and circumstances influence perspectives and behaviors
107
qualitative only methods
observation - field observation - participant observation interviews - unstructured - structured - semi - focus groups written documents
108
mixed methods
convergent - simultaneous, combine results sequential - one before the other embedded - simultaneous, do not combine results multiphase - over time
109
sampling in qualitative
non-probability - convenience, purposive, snowball sample size may be large or small
110
credibility
are the results believable like validity
111
transferability
can results be applied to people in similar circumstances like generalizability
112
dependability
how stable are data over time like reliability
113
confirmability
are finding due to beliefs and experiences or bias
114
triangulation
more than one source credibility, dependability and confirmability
115
member checking
confirm interpretation with others credibility
116
negative case analysis
explain conflicts that emerge from preliminary data credibility
117
thick description
improves ability to make comparisons transferability
118
purposive sampling
choosing participants that will make good informants transferability
119
audit trail
documenting decisions so another researcher can confirm dependability and confirmability
120
reflexivity
examining how researcher's beliefs may influence interpretation of data confirmability
121
scoping review
selective review of literature that is less systematic exploratory assessments of available literature on broad topic answer background questions summarize in general do not critically appraise
122
scoping review methods
PICO too specific methods - systematic search - more expansive selection criteria for designs - no critical appraisal results - report search and number of articles - describe narratively discussion - review results and limitations - may discuss implications for clinical practice of relevant to objective of review
123
systematic review
utilizes exacting search strategies to make certain that maximum extent of relevant research has been considered original articles are methodologically appraised and synthesized
124
what is a systematic review
searching appraising summarizing objective and transparent process
125
process of systematic reveiw
search and selection for articles well defined results of included studies are qualitatively
126
bias in SR
publication bias access clinical trials registries access the grey literature - conferences, abstracts, websites, dissertations
127
cochran risk of bias
selection bias - random assignment, allocation concealment performance bias - blinding of pts and investigators detection bias - blinding of assessors attrition bias- incomplete outcome data reporting bias- selective reporting other bias
128
data synthesis
tables - study design - participants - interventions - outcomes - study quality address clinical homo and heterogeneity
129
reporting on SR
follow typical article format provide enough detail to reproduce PRISMA flowchart include articles in table or appendix
130
appraisal of SR
AMSTAR and AMSTAR-2
131
meta-analysis
quantitatively combines results of studies that are not result of systematic literature review capable of performing a statistical analysis of the pooled results of relevant studies
132
when can/should you do a meta-analysis?
when more than one study has estimated an effect when there are no differences in the study characteristics when the outcome has been measured in similar ways
133
meta analysis characteristics
effect size from individual studies pooled effect size displayed as forest plot each square is treatment effect for that study diamond is pooled effect across all studies
134
point estimate
single value that represents the best estimate of population value
135
confidence interval
a range of values that we are confident contains the population value - width concerns precision of the estimate
136
if heterogeneous
analyze separately