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summer 2024 > Research final > Flashcards

Research final Flashcards

1
Q

experimental research

A

based on logical structure or design
inferences about cause and effect
designed to control for confounding variables

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2
Q

extraneous variables

A

an factor not related to purpose of the study which may affect dependent variables
when uncontrolled, become confounding variables

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3
Q

true experimental designs (essential 3)

A

independent variable manipulated by experimenter
include control or comparison group
random assignment

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4
Q

random assignment

A

each participant has equal chance of being assigned to any group
helps control for extraneous variables and prognostic indictors

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5
Q

simple random assignment

A

equal chance of either group
may have unequal groups

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6
Q

block random assignment

A

divided equally into blocks

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7
Q

stratified random assignment

A

when certain attributes may be confounding

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8
Q

cluster random assignment

A

each cluster randomly assigned a treatment
all members of a cluster get same treatment

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9
Q

concealed allocation

A

when a participant is determined to be eligible, researchers do not know group assignment

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10
Q

statistical conclusion validity

A

is there a relationship between IV and DV?

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11
Q

internal validity (3 components)

A

is evidence of a casual relationship between IV and DP

temporal precedence
covariation of cause and effect
no plausible alternative explanation

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12
Q

construct validity

A

to what constructs can results be generalized

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13
Q

external validity

A

can results be generalized to other persons, settings, or times

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14
Q

order of experimental design validity

A

statistical conclusion validity
internal validity
construct validity
external validity

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15
Q

internal threats

A

history
maturation
attrition
testing
instrumentation
regression to mean
selection
social interaction

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16
Q

internal validity: social threats

A

diffusion/imitation - imitate experimental group
compensatory equalization - treat control differently
compensatory rivalry - control works extra hard
demoralization - control gives up

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17
Q

ruling out threats to internal validity

A

random assignment
blinding

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18
Q

threats to construct validity

A

operational definitions
comprehensive measurements
time frame
multiple treatment interactions

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19
Q

threats to external validity

A

influence of selection
influence of settings
influence of history

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20
Q

noncompliance

A

refuse assigned treatment after allocation
cross over to another group
withdraw from study

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21
Q

missing data

A

need to account
concerning if >20%
especially if related to treatment

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22
Q

per protocol analysis

A

analyze only who complete

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23
Q

intention to treat analysis

A

analyze with the group they were assigned to

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24
Q

quasi-experimental

A

may lack randomization
may lack comparison group
may lack both

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25
Q

between subjects design

A

assigned to independent groups

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26
Q

within subjects design

A

participants act as their own controls

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27
Q

factorial

A

how we describe designs that have 2+ IV

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28
Q

independent groups

A

different people in each level of the IV
between subjects

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29
Q

one way designs

A

only one IV
single factor

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30
Q

pretest-posttest control group design

A

both groups measured before and after treatment
cause and effect
strong internal validity

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31
Q

posttest only

A

no pretest
when pretest is impractical, contraindicated or reactive
strong internal validity
assume groups are randomly assigned

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32
Q

two way factorial design

A

two or more independent variables

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33
Q

randomized block design

A

1 attribute IV is not randomized
same number of subjects in each level

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34
Q

repeated measures

A

same people in each level of IV
within subject

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35
Q

one way repeated measures design

A

subjects exposed to all levels
no control group

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36
Q

effects of repeated measures

A

practice effects - get better
carryover effects - still present
order effects - latin square

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37
Q

crossover designs

A

randomized to treatment square
control for order effects
only when condition is stable
considerations for wash out period

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38
Q

mixed design

A

one IV is RM
one IV is IG

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39
Q

PEDro

A

11 questions, 10 points
question 1 is not scored

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40
Q

Quasi-experimental designs

A

lack random assignment, comparison group, or both

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41
Q

time series designs

A

single group - time is IV

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42
Q

one group pretest-posttest design

A

all receive same treatment
no comparison group - limits validity
IV is time - two levels - pre and posttest

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43
Q

when are one group pretest-posttest designs defendable?

A

behavior of control group over time has been documented
ethical implications of withholding treatment
time interval from pretest to posttest is very short
- limits confounding and other threats to internal validity

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44
Q

repeated measures

A

NOT true experiment, but can be viewed in similar light
no comparison group, limits in and ex validity

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45
Q

interrupted time series design

A

multiple measures of DV
interrupted by treatment
no comparison, limits validity

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46
Q

nonequivalent group designs

A

not formed by randomization - existing or self-selected groups

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47
Q

nonequivalent pre/posttest control group design

A

no RA
intact groups
control over threats to internal validity

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48
Q

historical controls

A

receive a different treatment during an earlier time period

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49
Q

nonequivalent posttest only control group design

A

no RA
no pretest
exploratory

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50
Q

downsides of group experimentation

A

require control groups and large numbers
time intensive
too few measurements
treatments are standardized
usually not feasible for clinicians
averaging results and losing individual

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51
Q

single subject design studies

A

within subject
allows for C&E inferences due to control phase and planning
consistent with EBP on individual patients

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52
Q

characteristics of SSDS

A

not a case report/study
controlled manipulation of an IV
extended baseline phase before intervention
intervention introduced when condition is stable
continuous assessment

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53
Q

baseline phase

A

evaluating for stability and trend

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54
Q

length of phases

A

extend until stability id reached
minimum of 3-4 data point for each phase

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55
Q

target behavior

A

patient focused
needs to be quantitative

56
Q

Single subject AB design

A

baseline followed by treatment
can observe changes
unsure if confounding, maturation, or learned effect

57
Q

limitations of AB

A

no control
cannot conclude causality

58
Q

SS BC design

A

control intervention (B) followed by experimental intervention (C)

59
Q

ABA design

A

can determine if intervention truly caused change
behavior must be reversible

60
Q

multiple baseline across subjects

A

most common
same intervention, varying baseline phases

61
Q

multiple baseline across settings

A

one individual monitored in multiple settings with same intervention

62
Q

multiple baseline across behviors

A

one treatment, multiple clinical behaviors

63
Q

limitations of SS designs

A

ethical issues with withhold treatment in baseline
little control over threats to internal validity
limited generalizability
statistic are in infancy

64
Q

exploratory research

A

relationship among 2 variables

65
Q

observational

A

are exploratory
data collected as naturally exist
no manipulation of variables

66
Q

longitudinal studies

A

prospective - exposed/unexposed beforehand
retrospective - outcome is known, look in records

67
Q

cross-sectional studies

A

snapshot
less time and money

68
Q

epidemiology: measuring risk

A

studying determinants of disease, injury, dysfunction
dichotomous variables

69
Q

case control and cohort studies

A

study risk factors
association between disease and exposure

70
Q

cohort studies

A

relative risk
grouped by exposure

71
Q

case-control studies

A

odds risk
grouped by outcome
select all from same population

72
Q

interpretation of RR and OR

A

= 1 null
> 1 postive association, harmful
< 1 negative association, protective

73
Q

factors to consider for causality (5)

A

time sequence
strength of association
biological credibility
consistency
dose-response relationship

74
Q

challenges for case control studies

A

no randomization
collecting from med records
observation bias
recall bias

74
Q

challenges for cohort studies

A

time
bias and attrition
misclassification of exposure
outcome may not occur in sufficient numbers

75
Q

cross sectional studies

A

snapshot in time
all variables measured at same time
used in diagnostic
used for efficiency
do not know time sequence

76
Q

developmental research

A

natural history of phenomenon

77
Q

normative research

A

describe typical or standard values

78
Q

descriptive surveys

A

questionnaires or responses to interview
overall picture of characteristics, attitudes, behaviors characteristics or risk factors for disease/dysfunction

79
Q

case report/case series

A

detailed description of condition or treatment response
purpose
- understanding unusual pt conditions
- innovative therapies
- future research directives
retrospective
does not meet IRB definition of research

80
Q

diagnostic tests - 3 purposes

A

focus examination
identify problems that require physician referral
assist in classification

81
Q

studies for diagnostic accuracy

A

index test - test being studied
gold standard - accurate indication of true status

82
Q

diagnosis - EBP perspective

A

probabilities and limiting uncertainty

83
Q

pretest probability

A

baseline probability of certain condition before any testing

84
Q

posttest probability

A

revised likelihood of the diagnosis on outcome of test

85
Q

test threshold

A

probability below
test will not be ordered
possibility of diagnosis is so remote

86
Q

treatment threshold

A

probability above
test will not be ordered
possibility of diagnosis so great

87
Q

basic structure of diagnostic study

A

series of pts
index test
gold standard
compare results of IT and GS

88
Q

key methodological aspects of diagnostic studies

A

was there a comparison to gold standard?
were the individuals interpreting each test’s results unaware of the other test’s results?
were subjects with all levels of disorder included?
did all subjects undergo both tests?

89
Q

100% sensitivity

A

all true positives
rule out when test negative
good screening test are highly sensitive

90
Q

100% specificity

A

all true negatives
rule in when test positive
more important for diagnostic special tests

91
Q

positive predictive values

A

identify pts with the disease from all positive test results

92
Q

negative

A

identify pts without the disease from all negative test results

93
Q

likelihood ratios

A

sensitivity information combined with specificity information
if diagnostic test positive use +LR
if diagnostic test negative use -LR

94
Q

clinical prediction rules

A

diagnosis - rule in
screening - rule out
factors that predict response to treatment

95
Q

CPR for diagnosis

A

improve accuracy of diagnostic assessments

96
Q

CPR for prognosis

A

can we expect certain outcomes based on a cluster of findings

97
Q

validating CPRs

A

deriving the model
validation of the rule
impact analysis

98
Q

issues with CPRs

A

most dont move past derivation

99
Q

qualitative research (%)

A

4% of what was published in PTJ in 2018

100
Q

qualitative

A

understanding
discovering frameworks
interview/observation
texual (words)
theory generating
quality of informant > sample size
subjective
model of analysis: fidelity to text or words of interviewees

101
Q

qualitative research

A

all interactions are inherently social phenomena
inductive process - narrow to broad
occurs in natural setting

102
Q

purposes of qualitative

A

generating theories
developing theories to explain observed phenomena
investigating complex phenomena
- sociocultural influences
- organizational processes
- exploring special populations

103
Q

why doesnt the research question apply to qualitative research?

A

PICO do not apply
no specific hypothesis based on question

104
Q

ethnography

A

describes cultural characteristics and behaviors in specific groups
- investigators immerse themselves
- participants called inormants

105
Q

ground theory

A

individual responses contribute to understanding theoretical relationships that can explain behavior
- constant comparison

106
Q

phenomenology

A

seeks to explain how events and circumstances influence perspectives and behaviors

107
Q

qualitative only methods

A

observation
- field observation
- participant observation
interviews
- unstructured
- structured
- semi
- focus groups
written documents

108
Q

mixed methods

A

convergent - simultaneous, combine results
sequential - one before the other
embedded - simultaneous, do not combine results
multiphase - over time

109
Q

sampling in qualitative

A

non-probability - convenience, purposive, snowball
sample size may be large or small

110
Q

credibility

A

are the results believable
like validity

111
Q

transferability

A

can results be applied to people in similar circumstances
like generalizability

112
Q

dependability

A

how stable are data over time
like reliability

113
Q

confirmability

A

are finding due to beliefs and experiences or bias

114
Q

triangulation

A

more than one source
credibility, dependability and confirmability

115
Q

member checking

A

confirm interpretation with others
credibility

116
Q

negative case analysis

A

explain conflicts that emerge from preliminary data
credibility

117
Q

thick description

A

improves ability to make comparisons
transferability

118
Q

purposive sampling

A

choosing participants that will make good informants
transferability

119
Q

audit trail

A

documenting decisions so another researcher can confirm
dependability and confirmability

120
Q

reflexivity

A

examining how researcher’s beliefs may influence interpretation of data
confirmability

121
Q

scoping review

A

selective review of literature that is less systematic
exploratory assessments of available literature on broad topic
answer background questions
summarize in general
do not critically appraise

122
Q

scoping review methods

A

PICO too specific
methods
- systematic search
- more expansive selection criteria for designs
- no critical appraisal
results
- report search and number of articles
- describe narratively
discussion
- review results and limitations
- may discuss implications for clinical practice of relevant to objective of review

123
Q

systematic review

A

utilizes exacting search strategies to make certain that maximum extent of relevant research has been considered
original articles are methodologically appraised and synthesized

124
Q

what is a systematic review

A

searching
appraising
summarizing
objective and transparent process

125
Q

process of systematic reveiw

A

search and selection for articles well defined
results of included studies are qualitatively

126
Q

bias in SR

A

publication bias
access clinical trials registries
access the grey literature
- conferences, abstracts, websites, dissertations

127
Q

cochran risk of bias

A

selection bias - random assignment, allocation concealment
performance bias - blinding of pts and investigators
detection bias - blinding of assessors
attrition bias- incomplete outcome data
reporting bias- selective reporting
other bias

128
Q

data synthesis

A

tables
- study design
- participants
- interventions
- outcomes
- study quality
address clinical homo and heterogeneity

129
Q

reporting on SR

A

follow typical article format
provide enough detail to reproduce
PRISMA flowchart
include articles in table or appendix

130
Q

appraisal of SR

A

AMSTAR and AMSTAR-2

131
Q

meta-analysis

A

quantitatively combines results of studies that are not result of systematic literature review
capable of performing a statistical analysis of the pooled results of relevant studies

132
Q

when can/should you do a meta-analysis?

A

when more than one study has estimated an effect
when there are no differences in the study characteristics
when the outcome has been measured in similar ways

133
Q

meta analysis characteristics

A

effect size from individual studies
pooled effect size
displayed as forest plot
each square is treatment effect for that study
diamond is pooled effect across all studies

134
Q

point estimate

A

single value that represents the best estimate of population value

135
Q

confidence interval

A

a range of values that we are confident contains the population value
- width concerns precision of the estimate

136
Q

if heterogeneous

A

analyze separately

summer 2024 (9 decks)

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