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Psychology > Research Methods (Year 2) > Flashcards

Research Methods (Year 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are statistical tests?

A

Used to determine whether a significant difference or correlation exists

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2
Q

When is a null hypothesis rejected?

A

When a p-value (probability) is less than or equal to significance levels

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3
Q

What are the 8 statistical tests?

A
  • Chi-squared
  • Sign test
  • Mann-Whitney
  • Wilcoxon
  • Spearmans rho
  • Unrelated t-test
  • Related t-test
  • Pearsons r
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4
Q

What are the 6 tests of difference?

A
  • Chi-squared
  • Mann-Whitney
  • Unrelated t-test
  • Sign test
  • Wilcoxon
  • Related t-test
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5
Q

What are the 3 tests of association and correlation?

A
  • Chi-squared
  • Pearsons r
  • Spearmans rho
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6
Q

Which test is both a test of difference and test of correlation/association?

A

Chi-squared

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7
Q

What does it mean when an investigation is statistically significant?

A

It’s unlikely to be explained solely by chance or random factors.

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8
Q

What does it mean when a design is unrelated and give an example

A

Participants in each condition of the design are different e.g independent groups

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9
Q

What does it mean when a design is related and given an example

A

The same or similar ‘matched’ participants are used in all conditions of the design e.g repeated measures, matched pairs

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10
Q

What is nominal data?

A

Data is represented in the form of categories

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11
Q

What is ordinal data?

A

Data is sorted into an order or scale

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12
Q

What is interval data?

A

Data based on numerical scales that include units of equal, precise data

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13
Q

What are the three levels of measurements?

A
  • Nominal data
  • Ordinal data
  • Interval data
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14
Q

What is the feature of nominal data?

A

The data is discrete so one item can only appear in one of the categories

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15
Q

What is a drawback of ordinal data?

A

It lacks precision because it is based on subjective data rather than objective measures

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16
Q

What is the best level of measurement and why?

A
  • Interval
  • The most precise and sophisticated form of data
17
Q

What is probability?

A

A measure of the likelihood that a particular event will occur (0 indicates statistical impossibility and 1 statistical certainty)

18
Q

What is a critical value?

A

When testing a hypothesis, the numerical boundary/cut-off between acceptance and rejection of null hypothesis

19
Q

What the usual level of significance in psychology?

A

0.05 (5%)

20
Q

What is a type I error?

A

When the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted

21
Q

What is a type II error?

A

When the null hypothesis is accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected

22
Q

What is the difference between a one-tailed and two-tailed test?

A

A one-tailed test is if the hypothesis was directional and a two-tailed

22
Q

What is falsifiability?

A

The principle that a theory cannot be considered scientific unless it admits the possibility of being proven untrue

23
Q

What is a paradigm?

A

A set of shared assumptions and agreed methods within a scientific discipline

24
Q

What is a paradigm shift?

A

When there is a significant change in the dominant unifying theory within a scientific discipline

25
Q

What are empirical methods?

A

Scientific approaches that are based on gathering of evidence through direct observation and experience

26
Q

What is replicability?

A

The extent to which scientific procedures and findings can be repeated by other researchers

27
Q

What is theory construction?

A

The process of developing an explanation for the causes of behaviour by systematically gathering evidence and organizing them into a coherent account (theory)

28
Q

What is objectivity?

A

All sources of personal bias are minimised so as to not distort or influence the research process

29
Q

Who suggested that falsifiability is a key criteria of a scientific theory?

A

Karl Popper

Psychology (29 decks)

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