Research Methods Test Bank Flashcards
Science comes from the Latin word scire, which means
a) to know
b) to research
c) to question
d) all of the above
a) to know
The scientific approach requires that theories be stated
a) clearly and precisely
b) as questions
c) in scientific terms
d) without reference to research
a) clearly and precisely
When testing a theory, each scientific observation must be
a) replaceable.
b) replicable.
c) unique.
d) original.
b) replicable
“The primary problem is an unconscious anger toward his mother.” What makes this statement unscientific?
a) It is not reliable.
b) It does not make sense.
c) It is not theoretical.
d) It is not testable.
d) It is not testable
A theory
a) is derived from hypotheses.
b) is the result of long deliberation by a scientist.
c) attempts to explain a class of phenomena.
d) all of the above.
d) all of the above
A good theory should
a) be incapable of being proven wrong.
b) make sense of obscure phenomena.
c) develop directly out of observations.
d) explain cause-effect relationships.
d) explain cause-effect relationships
Which of the following are generated by theories?
a) case material
b) hypotheses
c) statistical significance
d) none of the above
b) hypotheses
Juan wants to do a research study on whether or not studying for a test will improve students’ performance. If he believes it will, what would be his hypothesis?
a) Will studying improve test performance?
b) Will those who don’t study perform worse than those who do?
c) Students who study will perform better on the test.
d) All of the above
c) Students who study will perform better on the test.
Which of the following can disprove but not prove a hypothesis?
a) correlation
b) case study
c) experiment
d) questionnaire
b) case study
Dr. Lee has been treating someone with an unusual combination of symptoms. He notes that there is no published research on such a combination of symptoms, and considers developing a case study. How would Dr. Lee conduct this study?
a) Try to find other cases like the one he is treating.
b) Gather detailed historical and biographical information on this single individual.
c) Examine treatment response using an ABAB design.
d) Withhold treatment in an effort to fully understand the significance of symptoms.
b) Gather detailed historical and biographical information on this single individual.
Which research method would be most useful in generating hypotheses about the cause of a newly discovered, rare abnormality?
a) case study
b) correlational method
c) experimental design
d) single-subject ABAB design
a) case study
Case studies can be effective for which of the following purposes?
a) Confirming theoretical propositions.
b) Generating research hypotheses.
c) Demonstrating universal relationships.
d) Showing cause-effect relationships.
b) Generating research hypotheses.
Which of the following scientific methods uses random assignment?
a) experiment
b) correlation
c) case study
d) realistic
a) experiment
Case studies are not useful in
a) providing the means for ruling out alternative hypotheses.
b) providing a rich description of clinical phenomena.
c) disproving an allegedly universal hypothesis.
d) generating hypotheses.
a) providing the means for ruling out alternative hypotheses.
Which of the following are valid criticisms of the case-study method?
a) It does not provide the means for ruling out alternative hypotheses.
b) It cannot provide satisfactory evidence for cause-effect relationships.
c) The results of a case study are influenced by many factors unique to the subject and the context of the case study.
d) All of the above.
d) All of the above.
The research design that does NOT accomplish the goal of being able to draw broad conclusions is the
a) case-study method.
b) correlational method.
c) experimental method.
d) longitudinal design.
a) case-study method.
Dr. Bradley has been conducting a case study of Brenda P., a woman with dissociative identity disorder. Which of the following statements by Dr. Bradley is a misuse of the case study method?
a) “Brenda, a woman with dissociative identity disorder, was sexually abused as a child. Therefore, all individuals with multiple personality disorder must have been abuse victims.”
b) “Since Brenda was not sexually abused, the theory that all dissociation is caused by sexual abuse may not be universally true.”
c) “Brenda was sexually molested as a child. This leads me to hypothesize that perhaps other individuals with dissociative identity disorder were molested as children.”
d) All of the above are examples of inappropriate uses of the case study.
a) “Brenda, a woman with dissociative identity disorder, was sexually abused as a child. Therefore, all individuals with multiple personality disorder must have been abuse victims.”
Correlational research differs from experimental research in that correlational research
a) is associated with external validity.
b) does not involve manipulation of variables.
c) relies on significance tests.
d) samples large groups of participants.
b) does not involve manipulation of variables.
Correlational data would allow one to make which of the following statements?
a) “Depression causes weight gain.”
b) “Weight gain causes people to become depressed.”
c) “Depression is associated with higher weight.”
d) “Lack of social support is the root of both depression and weight gain.”
c) “Depression is associated with higher weight.”
The more intelligent a person is, the greater the chance that he or she will receive higher grades in school. Most likely, this finding comes from which type of research?
a) case study
b) epidemiology
c) correlational study
d) experiment
c) correlational study
Professor Jones has observed a correlation between students sitting in the front of the room and getting better grades in her classes. In order to conduct an “experiment” on this, Professor Jones could
a) collect data on student study habits.
b) assign students randomly to seats.
c) adjust her data for overall grade point average.
d) obtain similar data from other professors and classes.
b) assign students randomly to seats.
Which of the following correlation coefficient values demonstrates the highest degree of correlation?
a) -1.00
b) +0.67
c) +0.96
d) -0.84
a) -1.00
If variables were found to be unrelated their correlation coefficient would be:
a) -1.00
b) 0.00
c) +1.00
d) None of the above
b) 0.00
Which research design is illustrated by the following? A therapist gathers data showing that, repeatedly, a patient is better on days his wife visits and worse on days when she does not.
a) observation
b) correlational method
c) single-subject (ABAB) experiment
d) longitudinal design
b) correlational method
Men and women were compared for their levels of disgust reactions to a gross photograph. This would be a(n) __________ study.
a) case
b) correlational
c) experimental
d) epidemiological
b) correlational
A correlation coefficient can range in value from
a) -1.00 to +1.00.
b) -100 to +100.
c) 0 to 1.
d) 0 to 100.
a) -1.00 to +1.00.
Which of the following correlations might have resulted from a study which compared grade point average to hours per week spent partying and which concluded that students who party more get poorer grades?
a) +1.50
b) +.50
c) 0.00
d) -.50
d) -.50
Which of the following correlation coefficients is plausible for a study that showed that the weight of people’s clothing increases as the temperature decreases?
a) r = +.20
b) r = 0.00
c) r = -.20
d) r = -2.0
c) r = -.20
Which of the following would likely produce a negative correlation?
a) intelligence and grade point averages.
b) family income and living in the inner city.
c) length of hair and history of child abuse.
d) auto accident injuries and blood alcohol level of drivers.
b) family income and living in the inner city.
A correlation of .98 between X and Y would indicate
a) virtually no relationship between X and Y.
b) a causal relationship, where X causes Y.
c) a weak positive relationship between X and Y.
d) a strong positive relationship between X and Y.
d) a strong positive relationship between X and Y.
If the correlation between two variables is zero, this means that
a) higher scores on one are associated with higher scores on the other.
b) they are perfectly related.
c) there is no relationship between them.
d) they are inversely related.
c) there is no relationship between them.
Dr. Hauser hypothesized that depression is related to stress so that people who are more depressed are also more stressed. Which of the following correlations between depression and stress would best support her hypothesis?
a) 0
b) .55
c) .80
d) -.99
c) .80
When examining a scatter diagram, the __________ scattered the points are distributed, the __________the correlation.
a) more; lower
b) more; higher
c) less; lower
d) less; higher
a) more; lower
A statistical finding is usually considered significant if:
a) the probability that it is an accurate finding is 5 or less in 100
b) the probability that it is an accurate finding is 1 or less in 100
c) the probability that it is a chance finding is 5 or less in 100
d) the probability that it is a chance finding is 50 or less in 100
c) the probability that it is a chance finding is 5 or less in 100
__________ is defined by whether or not a relationship between variables is large enough to matter.
a) clinical significance
b) statistical significance
c) reliable significance
d) valid significance
a) clinical significance
With the __________ method, only people with above-average risk of developing a particular disorder would be studied.
a) scientific
b) correlational
c) heredity
d) high-risk
d) high-risk
Saying that a research result is “statistically significant” means that it probably
a) has practical applications.
b) shows a cause-effect relationship.
c) did not occur by chance.
d) shows a positive correlation.
c) did not occur by chance.
Which of the following correlation coefficients is most likely to be statistically significant?
a) .00
b) -.10
c) +.40
d) -.85
d) -.85
Statistical significance is used to evaluate
a) the causal relationship between variables.
b) the external validity of research results.
c) the likelihood of repeating research results.
d) the theoretical consistency of research results.
c) the likelihood of repeating research results.
The standard for suggesting that a result is statistically significant is if the chances are less than __________ in 100 that it occurred by chance.
a) .05
b) 5
c) 10
d) 25
b) 5
Dr. Samuelson finds that the relation between level of hopelessness and suicide is .35, and that there is a less than 5 in 100 probability that this occured by chance alone. What would be concluded about this correlation?
a) It demonstrates that suicide attempts cause hopelessness.
b) It is statistically significant.
c) It is unreliable.
d) It is valid.
b) It is statistically significant.
Which of the following findings is most likely to be statistically significant?
a) correlation = .30; sample size = 350
b) correlation = .30; sample size = 200
c) correlation = -.25; sample size = 200
d) Can’t tell from the available information
a) correlation = .30; sample size = 350
If a correlation between depressive symptoms and active treatment is clinically significant, this means
a) the effect is large enough to provide reliability information.
b) the effect is large enough to provide meaningful information in predicting or treating depression.
c) it is not statistically significant.
d) that causation can be implied.
b) the effect is large enough to provide meaningful information in predicting or treating depression.
Psychopathologists rely upon correlational research since
a) it is effective in determining cause and effect.
b) many of the variables they wish to study cannot be manipulated.
c) ethical considerations prevent them from doing case studies.
d) they cannot measure all the constructs.
b) many of the variables they wish to study cannot be manipulated.
Which statement is TRUE regarding correlation?
a) Correlation does not imply causation.
b) Causation does not imply correlation.
c) Both a and b are true.
d) Neither a nor b are true.
a) Correlation does not imply causation.
Dr. Fiedler found that people with schizophrenia are more likely to have lower socioeconomic status than those who do not have schizophrenia. What can you conclude from this study?
a) Poverty is a cause of schizophrenia.
b) Schizophrenia leads to poverty.
c) Economic reform would reduce the incidence of schizophrenia.
d) Schizophrenia and poverty are related.
d) Schizophrenia and poverty are related.
Several studies have found a correlation between schizophrenia and family conflict. Which of the following explanations illustrates the directionality problem?
a) The relationship found between schizophrenia and family conflict may not be consistent in different ethnic groups.
b) Schizophrenics may be less likely to live with their families.
c) Both schizophrenia and family conflict may be caused by low socioeconomic status.
d) Family conflict may be a contributing factor in schizophrenia, or schizophrenia may contribute to family conflict.
d) Family conflict may be a contributing factor in schizophrenia, or schizophrenia may contribute to family conflict.
In correlational studies it can be hard to show which variable led to a change in the other variable. This is a problem with
a) directionality.
b) cross-fostering.
c) incidence.
d) clinical significance.
a) directionality.