Disorders of Childhood Test Bank

Question 1

The field of __________ focuses on the disorders of childhood within the context of life-span development.

a) developmental psychology
b) developmental illness investigation
c) developmental psychopathology
d) adult development

Answer 1

c) developmental psychopathology

Question 2

The DSM-5 devotes __________ chapters primarily to childhood disorders.

a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5

Answer 2

a) 2

Question 3

Which of the following is a childhood disorders classification in the DSM-5?

a) neurodevelopmental disorders
b) disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders
c) autism
d) both a and b

Answer 3

d) both a and b

Question 4

The DSM-5 categorizes all of the following as neurodevelopmental disorders EXCEPT

a) learning disorders.
b) autism spectrum disorders.
c) motor disorders.
d) feeding disorders.

Answer 4

d) feeding disorders.

Question 5

The DSM-5 moves which category of disorders to the adult collection of disorders?

a) anxiety disorders
b) eating disorders
c) attachment disorders
d) motor disorders

Answer 5

a) anxiety disorders

Question 6

Which of the following disorders is classified as an autism spectrum disorder in the DSM-5?

a) autistic disorder
b) Asperger’s disorder
c) pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
d) all of the above

Answer 6

d) all of the above

Question 7

Abnormal behavior in children

a) is based upon destructiveness at any given age.
b) is developmentally determined; that is, normal behavior at one age is abnormal at another.
c) can be reliably determined across age groups.
d) is typically associated with a lack of control.

Answer 7

b) is developmentally determined; that is, normal behavior at one age is abnormal at another.

Question 8

You witness a young child in the grocery store kicking and screaming because his mother won’t buy him candy. Which of the following DSM- 5 disorders would apply to the child?

a) conduct disorder
b) oppositional defiant disorder
c) It depends on the mother’s response; if she gives in, the behavior is probably not a disorder, but the result of poor parenting strategies.
d) There is not enough information provided to make a diagnosis. In addition, it depends on the child’s age and other factors.

Answer 8

d) There is not enough information provided to make a diagnosis. In addition, it depends on the child’s age and other factors.

Question 9

When diagnosing a child, it is most important to consider the child’s

a) intelligence.
b) ethnicity.
c) gender.
d) age.

Answer 9

d) age.

Question 10

Externalizing problems are more frequent in __________, and internalizing problems are more frequent in __________, regardless of culture.

a) boys; girls
b) girls; boys
c) boys; boys
d) Gender distribution varies widely in different cultures.

Answer 10

a) boys; girls

Question 11

Externalizing disorders include all of the following EXCEPT

a) ADHD
b) noncompliance
c) conduct disorder
d) social withdrawal

Answer 11

d) social withdrawal

Question 12

__________ disorders are characterized by more outward-directed behaviors.

a) Externalizing
b) Internalizing
c) Extrinsic
d) Intrinsic

Answer 12

a) Externalizing

Question 13

__________ disorders are characterized by more inward-focused experiences and behaviors.

a) Internalizing
b) Intrinsic
c) Externalizing
d) Extrinsic

Answer 13

a) Internalizing

Question 14

All of the following are examples of internalizing disorders EXCEPT:

a) depression.
b) social withdrawal.
c) anxiety.
d) ruminating.

Answer 14

d) ruminating.

Question 15

Results from a recent follow-up study of behavior problems in Thai and U.S. cultures suggest that

a) U.S. children are referred to clinics more often for internalizing problems than externalizing problems.
b) Thai children exhibit more externalizing behaviors.
c) internalizing and externalizing behaviors are fairly comparable across cultures, but specific behaviors within these domains are not.
d) behaviors should not be separated into internalizing and externalizing behaviors because a behavior viewed in one culture as internalizing may not be viewed the same way in a different culture.

Answer 15

c) internalizing and externalizing behaviors are fairly comparable across cultures, but specific behaviors within these domains are not.

Question 16

As compared to developmentally normal levels of hyperactivity, diagnosable hyperactivity

a) impairs the child’s functioning.
b) negatively affects the child’s ability to mature appropriately.
c) is treatable only with medication.
d) all of the above.

Answer 16

a) impairs the child’s functioning.

Question 17

Which of the following distinguishes children with ADHD from other children?

a) extreme distractibility.
b) anxiety.
c) problems only in classroom.
d) poor social understanding.

Answer 17

a) extreme distractibility.

Question 18

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

a) poor academic work.
b) shyness.
c) difficulty getting along with peers.
d) distractibility.

Answer 18

b) shyness.

Question 19

In a recent study of instant messaging and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), children with ADHD were more likely to IM statements that were __________ than were children without ADHD.

a) hostile and off the topic
b) hostile and nonsensical
c) friendly and nonsensical
d) friendly and off the topic

Answer 19

a) hostile and off the topic

Question 20

Research on subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder indicates that those with both attentional and hyperactive problems

a) have equivalent outcomes to those with only attentional problems.
b) are more likely to be placed in special education classes than children with only attentional problems.
c) usually learn better than children with only attentional problems.
d) are more likely to have a behavioral, rather than a neurological, basis for their problems.

Answer 20

b) are more likely to be placed in special education classes than children with only attentional problems.

Question 21

The worst prognosis is for those children who have

a) only ADHD.
b) only conduct disorder.
c) both ADHD and conduct disorder.
d) ADHD Predominantly Inattentive-type.

Answer 21

c) both ADHD and conduct disorder.

Question 22

Epidemiological studies indicate that ADHD is

a) about equally common in boys and girls.
b) more common in boys.
c) more common in girls.
d) more common in girls with conduct disorder but in boys with oppositional defiant disorder.

Answer 22

b) more common in boys.

Question 23

Girls with ADHD

a) are more likely to be depressed than girls without ADHD.
b) show deficits in planning and problem solving.
c) are likely to have symptoms of an eating disorder by adolescence.
d) all of the above.

Answer 23

d) all of the above.

Question 24

When most children with ADHD reach adolescence,

a) their ADHD symptoms typically remit.
b) other psychiatric disturbances are more prominent than the ADHD.
c) the severity of symptoms may be reduced, but they continue to meet criteria for the disorder.
d) their academic performance greatly improves.

Answer 24

c) the severity of symptoms may be reduced, but they continue to meet criteria for the disorder.

Question 25

Studies of the persistence of ADHD into adulthood indicate that

a) adults who were diagnosed with ADHD as children are less likely to marry.
b) adults who were diagnosed with ADHD as children usually completely outgrow their symptoms.
c) the rates of ADHD vary considerably depending on the assessment method employed.
d) the rates of ADHD appear to increase in adulthood because so many adults seek out diagnosis in order to obtain prescriptions for stimulants like Ritalin.

Answer 25

c) the rates of ADHD vary considerably depending on the assessment method employed.

Question 26

In recent molecular genetic studies, genes associated with the neurotransmitter __________ have been linked to ADHD.

a) dopamine
b) serotonin
c) norepinephrine
d) GABA

Answer 26

a) dopamine

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true?

a) Heritability estimates for ADHD are quite low.
b) A single gene, such as the dopamine receptor gene DRD4, is most likely responsible for ADHD.
c) Serotonin has been found to be associated with ADHD etiology.
d) Several genes interacting with various environmental factors most likely explain the cause of ADHD.

Answer 27

d) Several genes interacting with various environmental factors most likely explain the cause of ADHD.

Question 28

The genetic factors that are inherited by children with ADHD are

a) brain function and structure.
b) neurotransmitter function and specificity.
c) appetitive and metabolic functions.
d) all of the above.

Answer 28

a) brain function and structure.

Question 29

Although low birth weight is a predictor of the development of ADHD, __________ has been shown to help reduce the impact of low birth weight on later symptoms of ADHD.

a) vitamin C
b) maternal warmth
c) nicotine
d) breast-feeding

Answer 29

b) maternal warmth

Question 30

Investigations of the causes of ADHD have found that environmental toxins, such as food additives and lead,

a) do not explain more than a small percentage of cases.
b) are usually the cause of the disorder in those children with an organic basis to their ADHD.
c) are more likely to cause attentional problems without hyperactivity, but not in those children with both attentional problems and hyperactivity.
d) cause subtle attentional problems, but not to the degree of ADHD.

Answer 30

a) do not explain more than a small percentage of cases.

Question 31

The association between nicotine and ADHD is that

a) children’s smoking can cause attention problems.
b) maternal smoking may play a role in ADHD in offspring.
c) nicotine in pill form reduces the side effects of Ritalin.
d) the combination of Ritalin and nicotine has been shown to have dangerous synergistic effects in adults with ADHD.

Answer 31

b) maternal smoking may play a role in ADHD in offspring.

Question 32

Which of the following BEST explains the fact that ADHD children and their parents typically struggle with discipline and obeying rules?

a) ADHD children are often noncompliant and negative in interactions with their parents.
b) Parents of ADHD children are demanding and disapproving.
c) Most parents of ADHD children also have ADHD and are therefore also noncompliant and negative.
d) ADHD children do not understand verbal instructions.

Answer 32

a) ADHD children are often noncompliant and negative in interactions with their parents.

Question 33

Stimulant drugs have which of the following effects on hyperactive children?

a) increased activity level
b) immediate and steady improvement in academic achievement
c) short-term improvements in attention, goal-directed activity and behavior
d) addiction to the medication

Answer 33

c) short-term improvements in attention, goal-directed activity and behavior

Question 34

Stimulant medications such as Ritalin

a) have been shown to be effective for improving at least short-term academic achievement.
b) have been shown to have equal effectiveness to behavioral training alone.
c) have been shown to be more effective in white children than Latino or African American children.
d) all of the above.

Answer 34

a) have been shown to be effective for improving at least short-term academic achievement.

Question 35

Shannon, a junior in high school, was recently suspended from school for stealing money from ninth-graders, writing graffiti on the bathroom walls, and beating up another student. Shannon’s teacher reports that she has very few friends. The most likely diagnosis for Shannon would be

a) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
b) antisocial personality disorder.
c) oppositional defiant disorder.
d) conduct disorder.

Answer 35

d) conduct disorder.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of oppositional-defiant disorder?

a) extreme physical aggressiveness
b) temper tantrums
c) refusing to follow directions
d) annoying others deliberately

Answer 36

a) extreme physical aggressiveness

Question 37

The difference between conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder is

a) still a matter of debate.
b) the devious, sneaky, behaviors associated with conduct disorder.
c) the onset of conduct disorder is earlier.
d) conduct disorder is often combined with ADHD, while oppositional defiant disorder is not.

Answer 37

a) still a matter of debate.

Question 38

Compared to children with ADHD, children with oppositional defiant disorder

a) are more impulsive.
b) are more deliberate in their unruly behavior.
c) are more likely to be male.
d) have more attentional deficits.

Answer 38

b) are more deliberate in their unruly behavior.

Question 39

A disorder that includes behaviors that violate the basic rights of others and violate societal norms is labeled as __________ in the DSM-5.

a) internalizing disorder
b) ADHD
c) conduct disorder
d) reactive anxiety

Answer 39

c) conduct disorder

Question 40

Symptoms of conduct disorder include all of the following EXCEPT

a) destruction of property.
b) aggression to people and animals
c) deceitfulness or theft
d) inattentiveness

Answer 40

d) inattentiveness

Question 41

Conduct disorder in childhood may lead to which adult disorder?

a) schizophrenia.
b) sadistic personality disorder.
c) antisocial personality disorder.
d) paranoid personality disorder.

Answer 41

c) antisocial personality disorder.

Question 42

Sam is a 16-year-old adolescent who feels that he is unable to be an adult, despite the fact that he’s nearly 6 feet, 3 inches tall and has grown a beard. Although he led a “normal” childhood, when he was about 11 he began to get into frequent fights at school and has had trouble with the law 10 times. According to Moffitt, Sam would be categorized as having

a) life-course persistent conduct problems.
b) adolescence-limited conduct problems.
c) antisocial development disorder.
d) explosive personality disorder.

Answer 42

b) adolescence-limited conduct problems.

Question 43

Both __________ and __________ theories of the etiology of conduct disorder have empirical support.

a) genetic; environmental
b) behavioral; psychoanalytic
c) biochemical; behavioral
d) labeling; biological

Answer 43

a) genetic; environmental

Question 44

Research on the role of genetics in conduct disorder has found that

a) conduct disorder is primarily genetically determined.
b) the different behaviors of conduct disorder reflect differential genetic influences.
c) the concordance rates of MZ twins are not appreciably different from DZ twins.
d) biological factors play a more prominent role in late-onset antisocial behavior than early-onset antisocial behavior.

Answer 44

b) the different behaviors of conduct disorder reflect differential genetic influences.

Question 45

Which of the following factors were found to be predictive of conduct disorder in a large-scale research study on children from New Zealand?

a) being maltreated as children and low birth weight
b) presence of low MAOA activity
c) low birth weight and being male
d) both maltreatment and low MAOA activity

Answer 45

d) both maltreatment and low MAOA activity

Question 46

Neuropsychological findings from research on conduct disorder children suggest impairment in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

a) memory.
b) problem-solving.
c) focused attention.
d) verbal skills.

Answer 46

c) focused attention.

Question 47

According to learning theorists, aggressive behavior is

a) both modeled and rewarded in society.
b) modeled but not rewarded in society.
c) not modeled, but is rewarded in society.
d) neither modeled nor rewarded in society.

Answer 47

a) both modeled and rewarded in society

Question 48

According to Dodge and Frame (1982), aggressive children demonstrate cognitive biases in situations

a) in which peers act aggressively.
b) in which peers act in a pro-social manner.
c) which are ambiguous.
d) in which they are rejected.

Answer 48

c) which are ambiguous.

Question 49

Which of the following has NOT been investigated regarding peers and antisocial behavior?

a) Competitiveness with peers
b) Acceptance by peers
c) Rejection by peers
d) Affiliation with deviant peers

Answer 49

a) Competitiveness with peers

Question 50

Sociocultural perspectives on conduct disorder suggest

a) disadvantaged children are very likely to become antisocial.
b) disordered thinking is a result of exposure to antisocial acts among disadvantaged groups.
c) early antisocial behavior in combination with socioeconomic disadvantage leads to conduct problems.
d) there are established ethnic differences in antisocial behavior.

Answer 50

c) early antisocial behavior in combination with socioeconomic disadvantage leads to conduct problems.

Question 51

Which of the following has been shown to be a promising treatment for conduct disorders?

a) medication
b) covert desensitization
c) parent-management training
d) juvenile justice programs

Answer 51

c) parent-management training

Question 52

In the treatment of conduct disorder, the most promising approaches focus on the

a) individual.
b) family.
c) school.
d) legal system.

Answer 52

b) family.

Question 53

Head Start

a) is a federally funded program to prepare low-income children for success in the regular school setting.
b) uses medical and psychological interventions only.
c) is targeted towards children with developing conduct disorder and ADHD.
d) provides meals to needy children.

Answer 53

a) is a federally funded program to prepare low-income children for success in the regular school setting.

Question 54

Compared to other disadvantaged children who attended a different preschool or no preschool, Head Start children

a) had significantly improved behavioral and social-cognitive abilities while in the program.
b) had significantly higher overall IQs.
c) were less socially proactive.
d) had similar impulsivity problems.

Answer 54

a) had significantly improved behavioral and social-cognitive abilities while in the program.

Question 55

Multisystemic therapy

a) focuses solely on the conduct disordered child.
b) is based upon intervention in ecologically valid settings such as home, school, or peer group.
c) is a combination of medication and individual therapy.
d) is multifaceted in the sense that multiple approaches to family intervention are applied.

Answer 55

b) is based upon intervention in ecologically valid settings such as home, school, or peer group.

Question 56

Depressed children and adults both exhibit which of the following symptoms?

a) suicide attempts and guilt
b) fatigue and suicidal ideation
c) loss of appetite and early morning depression
d) delusions

Answer 56

b) fatigue and suicidal ideation

Question 57

In comparing adolescent boys and girls with depression, it appears

a) girls are more likely to be depressed.
b) boys are more likely to be depressed.
c) the rates for boys and girls are the same in adolescence, although in adulthood more women are depressed.
d) girls tend to experience more cognitive symptoms of depression, whereas boys tend to experience more psychomotor symptoms of depression.

Answer 57

a) girls are more likely to be depressed.

Question 58

Depressed children and their parents

a) tend to avoid conflict.
b) have more negative interactions.
c) have less supportive relationships, but are generally free of conflict.
d) frequently have over involved relationships.

Answer 58

b) have more negative interactions.

Question 59

A recent randomized clinical trial comparing Prozac, CBT, and both for teenagers with depression found that

a) Prozac alone was most effective in reducing depressive symptoms.
b) CBT alone was more effective in reducing depressive symptoms.
c) CBT alone resulted in more suicide attempts.
d) Combined treatment was most effective in reducing depressive symptoms.

Answer 59

d) Combined treatment was most effective in reducing depressive symptoms.

Question 60

Penelope is a 9-year-old girl who has had the following symptoms for the past month: lack of interest in her friends, loss of appetite and weight, tearfulness, and difficulty concentrating. Which of the following treatments would most likely be effective in treating her problem?

a) antidepressant medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy
b) multisystemic treatment
c) social skills training
d) psychodynamic psychotherapy

Answer 60

a) antidepressant medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 61

John was diagnosed as having selective mutism. This means that he

a) has a communication disorder that makes him unable to talk.
b) refuses to speak in unfamiliar social circumstances.
c) communicates to his parents and other family members with gestures only.
d) has created his own language; this disorder is common in twins.

Answer 61

b) refuses to speak in unfamiliar social circumstances.

Question 62

Generally speaking, children exposed to trauma

a) do not re-experience the traumatic events or avoid trauma-related situations as adults do.
b) almost always develop PTSD.
c) rarely develop PTSD.
d) experience the same symptoms as adults exposed to trauma.

Answer 62

d) experience the same symptoms as adults exposed to trauma.

Question 63

Which of the following symptoms manifest in children with PTSD, but usually not in adults with PTSD?

a) sleep problems
b) extreme temper tantrums
c) flashbacks
d) hopelessness

Answer 63

b) extreme temper tantrums

Question 64

Research on the role of parenting in the etiology of anxiety disorders in youth suggests

a) parenting is crucial in determining anxiety in children.
b) over-controlling parenting almost always results in social phobia in children.
c) parenting practices play a small role in childhood anxiety.
d) how parents discipline their children has a strong effect on the development of childhood anxiety.

Answer 64

c) parenting practices play a small role in childhood anxiety.

Question 65

Studies of treatment for childhood fears and phobias suggest that the best treatment is

a) based on exposure methods.
b) relaxation.
c) insight-oriented therapy.
d) parent training

Answer 65

a) based on exposure methods.

Question 66

Children with learning disabilities typically have __________ intelligence.

a) severely deficient
b) slightly below average
c) average to above-average intelligence
d) none of the above; learning disabilities are equally distributed across all levels of intelligence

Answer 66

c) average to above-average intelligence

Question 67

Children with specific learning disorder in reading, better known as dyslexia,

a) have global difficulties with reading.
b) primarily struggle with proper orientation of letters.
c) do not have the disorder as adults.
d) often cannot achieve academically.

Answer 67

a) have global difficulties with reading.

Question 68

Which of the following may explain why an fMRI study of Chinese children with dyslexia failed to find problems in the temporoparietal area of the brain during reading tasks?

a) This study evaluated only 10 children.
b) The differences between Chinese and English languages.
c) The study examining Chinese children used older fMRI techniques.
d) Reading Chinese relies less on visual processing than reading English.

Answer 68

b) The differences between Chinese and English languages.

Question 69

Typical treatment of specific learning disorder consists of

a) specialized diet and medication to improve brain functioning.
b) individualized instruction and practice in the deficient skill.
c) systematic reinforcement of the desired academic behavior.
d) instruction in other skills that compensate for the deficiency.

Answer 69

b) individualized instruction and practice in the deficient skill.

Question 70

A diagnosis of intellectual developmental disorder may not be made if the problem begins

a) after age 6.
b) after age 12.
c) after age 18.
d) after age 21.

Answer 70

c) after age 18.

Question 71

Intellectual developmental disorder is diagnosed based upon

a) parent and teacher reports.
b) psychological test scores.
c) measures of sensory-motor abilities by a pediatrician.
d) a psychiatrist’s evaluation.

Answer 71

b) psychological test scores.

Question 72

The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities recommends an individualized assessment

a) in terms of overall ability to function in society.
b) using tests free of cultural/ethnic bias.
c) of a person’s specific skills and needs across many areas.
d) in coordination with parents and teachers.

Answer 72

c) of a person’s specific skills and needs across many areas.

Question 73

In its classification system, the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities focuses on

a) categorizing levels of intellectual developmental disorder by IQ and adaptive functioning level.
b) categorizing subtypes of intellectual developmental disorder based on etiology.
c) reducing the stigmatizing effects of labeling by describing only strengths and no weaknesses.
d) determining what resources would maximize a person’s functioning.

Answer 73

d) determining what resources would maximize a person’s functioning.

Question 74

Down syndrome is the result of

a) environmental insult, usually during the birth process.
b) a recessive-gene disease.
c) a specific chromosomal abnormality.
d) none of the above.

Answer 74

c) a specific chromosomal abnormality.

Question 75

“Fragile X” is commonly due to a

a) mutation in the X-chromosome.
b) fragile psychological state that leads to intellectual disability.
c) brief period where there was limited exposure to oxygenated air.
d) metabolic disorder.

Answer 75

a) mutation in the X-chromosome.

Question 76

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the result of a(n)

a) infectious disease during pregnancy.
b) specific chromosomal abnormality.
c) recessive gene.
d) fragile X syndrome.

Answer 76

c) recessive gene.

Question 77

It is recommended that people with phenylketonuria (PKU)

a) be kept on a special diet to prevent intellectual developmental disorder.
b) be educated at home since the disease is highly infectious.
c) not marry, since their offspring will almost certainly be mentally retarded.
d) undergo frequent blood tests to determine whether their lithium levels are within safe limits.

Answer 77

a) be kept on a special diet to prevent intellectual developmental disorder.

Question 78

If a pregnant woman is exposed to an infectious disease, the

a) fetus will be affected only if the mother is symptomatic while pregnant.
b) mother’s immune system will protect the fetus.
c) child has a greater chance of developing Down syndrome.
d) consequences of the disease are most serious during the first trimester.

Answer 78

d) consequences of the disease are most serious during the first trimester.

Question 79

Wanda, a 12-year-old girl with severe intellectual disability, was taught to dress herself using the following approach: First, her teacher broke down the behavior of getting dressed into a number of smaller steps, like pulling the neck hole over her head, putting her arm into a shirt sleeve, and then putting the other arm in. Each step was then demonstrated to Wanda, and she was rewarded for each small movement toward the goal. This approach is called

a) behavioral rehearsal.
b) applied behavior analysis.
c) self-instructional training.
d) behavior contracting.

Answer 79

b) applied behavior analysis.

Question 80

Cognitive-behavior therapy in children with intellectual disability

a) is the primary method used for teaching them self-care skills.
b) is combined with insight therapies to help them understand and cope with rejection.
c) focuses on teaching the children to use self-instruction to guide their academic efforts.
d) is inappropriate, since such children are unable to grasp the concepts.

Answer 80

c) focuses on teaching the children to use self-instruction to guide their academic efforts.

Question 81

Jim, a 10-year-old boy with intellectual disability, must learn how to spell simple words. However, Jim is highly distractable and has no one around who is willing to sit with him and repeatedly go over such a simple task. Jim would likely benefit from

a) applied behavior analysis.
b) Ritalin.
c) computer-assisted instruction.
d) both a and c

Answer 81

d) both a and c

Question 82

Autism was first identified by

a) Sigmund Freud.
b) Leo Kanner.
c) Emil Kraepelin.
d) Eugen Blueler.

Answer 82

b) Leo Kanner.

Question 83

Autism spectrum disorder is more common among

a) upper socioeconomic classes.
b) Caucasian children.
c) boys.
d) learning disabled children.

Answer 83

c) boys.

Question 84

What is the best diagnostic label for Misha? At six years of age, she does not play with other children and turns away when they approach her. She spends much of her time spinning a pencil endlessly in her fingers. She does not talk to others, although she does sing jingles from TV commercials.

a) intellectual disability
b) expressive language disorder
c) autism spectrum disorder
d) specific learning disorder

Answer 84

c) autism spectrum disorder

Question 85

The fundamental characteristic of autism spectrum disorder is

a) intolerance for routines.
b) not relating to others.
c) intellectual disability.
d) poor gross motor skills.

Answer 85

b) not relating to others.

Question 86

Generally, children with intellectual disability show __________ deficits in intellectual functioning while children with autism spectrum disorder show __________ deficits.

a) overall; primarily social and language
b) primarily social and language; overall
c) overall; only visual-spatial
d) visual-spatial; overall

Answer 86

a) overall; primarily social and language

Question 87

A “high-functioning” individual with autism spectrum disorder most likely has

a) a peer group and is able to attend regular schools.
b) an IQ score of over 130.
c) an IQ score of over 80.
d) a very good long-term memory.

Answer 87

c) an IQ score of over 80.

Question 88

When completing face perception or identity tasks, fMRI studies of autistic children have found that

a) autistic children can easily recognize faces, but just cannot express this knowledge.
b) the areas of the brain associated with the identification of faces were not activated.
c) the fusiform gyrus is overactive, indicating that despite not paying attention to people’s faces, these children can identify them.
d) these children have overactive amygdalae.

Answer 88

b) the areas of the brain associated with the identification of faces were not activated.

Question 89

fMRI studies of autistic people’s reactions to facial expressions of emotions show

a) no activation in emotion centers of the brain.
b) that autistic people biologically perceive faces in the same manner as non-autistic people.
c) increased activation in the frontal lobe.
d) that the autistic brain is incapable of perceiving facial expressions.

Answer 89

a) no activation in emotion centers of the brain.

Question 90

Joan, an autistic child, reacts to her mother’s expression of pain by withdrawing from her. This reaction

a) is atypical of autistic children.
b) is Joan’s way of expressing sympathy.
c) supports the idea that Joan lacks theory of mind.
d) is indicative of a more serious disturbance underlying Joan’s autism, such as childhood disintegrative disorder.

Answer 90

c) supports the idea that Joan lacks theory of mind.

Question 91

What term is used to describe the following communication? Mother: “Would you like to play with this?” Child: “Would you like to play with this?”

a) pronoun reversal
b) echolalia
c) alogia
d) extreme autistic aloneness

Answer 91

b) echolalia

Question 92

What term is used to describe the following communication: Teacher: “What are you playing with, Carl?” Carl: “He’s playing ball.”

a) poverty of speech
b) pronoun reversal
c) echolalia
d) alogia

Answer 92

b) pronoun reversal

Question 93

An autistic person’s preoccupation with repetitive and ritualistic acts is thought to be

a) a form of self-soothing.
b) a kind of stimulating activity.
c) akin to compulsions in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
d) tics.

Answer 93

b) a kind of stimulating activity.

Question 94

Early behavioral theorists emphasized the role of __________ in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder.

a) exposure to war or other traumas
b) biological factors
c) inadequate parenting
d) well-meaning but overindulgent parents

Answer 94

c) inadequate parenting

Question 95

According to Oliver Sacks, Temple Grandin, despite her great successes,

a) still struggles with severe symptoms and appears depressed.
b) does not appear to understand social interactions.
c) may have a different form of psychopathology.
d) is actually completely recovered from autism, thus her ability to succeed.

Answer 95

b) does not appear to understand social interactions.

Question 96

The most important factor in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder appears to be

a) auditory and visual deficits.
b) prenatal hormones.
c) faulty parenting.
d) genetic heritability.

Answer 96

d) genetic heritability.

Question 97

Twin studies of people with autism

a) have been inconclusive.
b) have found between 47 and 90% concordance for ASD between identical twins, compared with concordance rates of 0 to 20% between fraternal twins
c) are often carried out with poor methodologies.
d) None of the above; twin studies have yet to be conducted on this rare disorder.

Answer 97

b) have found between 47 and 90% concordance for ASD between identical twins, compared with concordance rates of 0 to 20% between fraternal twins

Question 98

Most autistic children are born with

a) a larger than normal head circumference.
b) heart problems.
c) brains of a relatively normal size.
d) less neurons than normal.

Answer 98

c) brains of a relatively normal size.

Question 99

Neurological studies have found abnormalities in which part of the brains of autistic individuals?

a) prefrontal cortex
b) left hemisphere language centers
c) cerebellum
d) limbic system

Answer 99

c) cerebellum

Question 100

The Parkers read about Ivar Lovaas’ pioneering work with autistic children and were relieved when he agreed to accept their son into his program. What type of treatment would the Parker’s autistic boy be likely to receive in Lovaas’ clinic?

a) a supportive, loving milieu program within a residential setting
b) careful attention to diet and treatment with fenfluramine
c) group therapy geared toward encouraging the children to express their anger and frustration more openly
d) behavior therapy based on social-learning principles

Answer 100

d) behavior therapy based on social-learning principles

Question 101

Lovaas’ program of behavioral treatment of autistic children

a) takes one full day each week.
b) requires the child be hospitalized periodically.
c) includes parenting skills training for parents.
d) has yielded dramatic improvements.

Answer 101

d) has yielded dramatic improvements.

Question 102

Education provided by parents to their autistic children as part of a behavioral treatment program is more effective than education provided by clinics because

a) parents command more authority.
b) parents are present in various situations.
c) parents can ensure that behaviors are targeted in the appropriate sequential manner.
d) all of the above.

Answer 102

b) parents are present in various situations.

Question 103

The most common medication prescribed for autism is

a) antipsychotic medication.
b) stimulant medication.
c) antidepressants.
d) drugs which lower serotonin levels.

Answer 103

a) antipsychotic medication.

Question 104

What neurotransmitter has been found to be elevated in some autistic children?

a) dopamine
b) norepinephrine
c) serotonin
d) fenfluramine

Answer 104

c) serotonin

Question 105

At the present time, medication interventions are __________ behavioral intervention programs in treating autism.

a) less effective than
b) more effective than
c) as effective as
d) none of the above; effectiveness depends on the individual patient’s characteristics

Answer 105

a) less effective than

Question 106

Rather than including a single diagnosis for dyslexia, the DSM-5

a) combines it with other problems into Specific Learning Disorders.
b) clarifies subtypes of reading disorders based on age of onset.
c) clarifies subtypes of reading disorders based on gender.
d) includes most reading problems with intellectual disability.

Answer 106

a) combines it with other problems into Specific Learning Disorders.

Question 107

In children, ____ manifestations of either hyperactivity-impulsivity or inattentiveness are required for the diagnosis of ADHD, but in adults the number of required symptoms is _____.

a) 6, 5
b) 6, 4
c) 4, 6
d) 5, 6

Answer 107

a) 6, 5

Question 108

Seemingly purposeless movements in children repeated over and over that interfere with functioning are known as ____________________________________.

a) Autism
b) Stereotypic movement disorder
c) ADHD
d) Conduct disorder

Answer 108

b) Stereotypic movement disorder

Question 109

Which of these criteria are not required for the diagnosis of intellectual disability?

a) Intellectual deficit two or more standard deviations below average.
b) Includes deficits in adaptive behaviors.
c) Onset must occur during development.
d) Relativity to the person’s age and cultural group.

Answer 109

a) Intellectual deficit two or more standard deviations below average.

Question 110

Which of these is not part of the three broad categories that The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) defines as part of intellectual disability?

a) Academic
b) Practical
c) Conceptual
d) Social

Answer 110

a) Academic