Intro Test Bank Flashcards
The textbook chapter opens with a clinical case study about Jack, a young man who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. In the scenario, Jack applied to get an apartment and the landlord
a) accepted him as long as he was on his medication.
b) denied him the apartment because he thought Jack might be violent.
c) denied him the apartment because Jack would be unsupervised.
d) accepted him as long as he had a guardian to look after him.
b) denied him the apartment because he thought Jack might be violent.
The textbook chapter opens with a clinical case study about Felicia. In this scenario Felicia had very few friends and was often teased. What was it that eventually made her life easier?
a) Felicia was diagnosed as having ADHD and received effective treatment.
b) Felicia was taught to keep her mouth shut during class.
c) Felicia was diagnosed as having schizophrenia and was successfully treated and cured.
d) Felicia was transferred to a school for those with behavioral disorders.
a) Felicia was diagnosed as having ADHD and received effective treatment.
The field concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders is called
a) psychopathology
b) psychotherapy
c) psychoanalysis
d) all of the above
a) psychopathology
Students often have __________, which makes it difficult to remain objective when learning about psychopathology.
a) diagnoses
b) fears
c) insecurities
d) preconceived notions
d) preconceived notions
The destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner, such as people with psychological illness, are called
a) disorders
b) stigmas.
c) typecasts
d) discriminative categories.
b) stigmas
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stigma?
a) A label applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others.
b) A label applied to a group of people that breaks the law.
c) The label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributes by society.
d) People with the label face unfair discrimination.
b) A label applied to a group of people that breaks the law.
The 1996 __________ required that insurance companies cover mental illness at the same level as other illnesses.
a) Federal Mental Health Parity Act
b) Paul Wellstone Mental Health Parity Act
c) Addiction Equity Act
d) Americans with Disabilities Act
a) Federal Mental Health Parity Act
Which of the following acts is (are) the closest we have gotten to true parity?
a) Federal Mental Health Parity Act
b) Paul Wellstone Mental Health Parity Act
c) Addiction Equity Act
d) both b and c
d) both b and c
Which of the following is (are) our best hope for reducing the stigma against those diagnosed with a psychological disorder?
a) Increase contact
b) Increase education
c) Increase equality legislation
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Which of the following is NOT an organization established to educate and offer support to those diagnosed with a psychological disorder?
a) National Alliance on Mental Illness
b) Mind Freedom
c) Patients Like Me
d) Mad4Life
d) Mad4Life
The best definition of mental disorder takes all of the following into account EXCEPT:
a) personal distress.
b) violation of social norms.
c) disability.
d) syndromes.
d) syndromes
Defining mental disorder on the basis of personal distress is problematic for which reason?
a) High levels of distress and suffering are normal in modern society.
b) Some mental disorders do not involve personal distress.
c) It ignores the suffering that family members of disturbed people experience.
d) It does not apply to physiological disorders.
b) Some mental disorders do not involve personal distress
Which is a limitation of “harmful dysfunction” as a definition of mental disorder?
a) It ignores the personal suffering of disturbed individuals.
b) Many dysfunctional mechanisms are not harmful.
c) Harmful dysfunction also has an impact on others.
d) The dysfunctional mechanisms are largely unknown.
d) The dysfunctional mechanisms are largely unknown
The DSM-5’s definition of “mental disorder” involves all of the following criteria EXCEPT that it:
a) occurs within multiple individuals.
b) involves dysfunction.
c) is not primarily a result of social deviance.
d) is not culturally specific reaction to an event.
a) occurs within multiple individuals
Cindy is an accomplished lawyer who sought psychological help in dealing with the stresses of balancing work and family responsibilities. Which definition of mental disorder applies to Cindy?
a) harmful dysfunction.
b) violation of social norms.
c) personal distress.
d) disability.
c) personal distress
After presenting characteristics of mental disorder, the text concludes that
a) research is needed to identify which characteristic is best.
b) different characteristics apply to various psychopathologies.
c) personal distress is the most useful characteristic.
d) together the characteristics give a comprehensive definition of abnormality.
d) together the characteristics give a comprehensive definition of abnormality.
Demonology is the
a) use of witchcraft to control the world around you.
b) devil worship and satanic cults that some believed to cause mental illness.
c) the idea that an evil being may live in a person and control his or her mind and body.
d) the practice of drilling a hole in a person’s head to allow evil spirits to escape
c) the idea that an evil being may live in a person and control his or her mind and body.
Hippocrates’ early views on mental health contributed to an enduring emphasis on
a) natural causes.
b) spirituality.
c) humors.
d) classification.
a) natural causes
Hippocrates suggested which of the following treatments for mental illness?
a) trephining
b) flogging
c) prayer and chants by faith healers.
d) care in choosing food and drink.
d) care in choosing food and drink
Hippocrates influenced psychology by
a) distinguishing medicine from religion and magic.
b) debunking the notion that the four humors were related to disorders.
c) reforming mental hospitals.
d) suggesting that mental illness was punishment from God.
a) distinguishing medicine from religion and magic
Which of the following best describes treatment of disordered people during the Dark Ages?
a) Monks in monasteries prayed over them.
b) They were chained in early asylums.
c) They were condemned as witches and tortured.
d) They were given bed rest, fed simple foods, and forced to subscribe to clean living.
a) Monks in monasteries prayed over them
Edith was accused of being a witch in 1532. She most likely lived in
a) Russia.
b) China.
c) Europe.
d) Japan.
c) Europe
The ‘Malleus Maleficarum’ was a
a) witch-hunt manual.
b) ceremonial guide used by witches.
c) treatment manual used in early mental hospitals.
d) Freudian perspective on mental illness.
a) witch-hunt manual
Which of the following suggests that many “witches” condemned during the Inquisition were, in fact, mentally disordered individuals?
a) The inquisitors themselves read letters from witches.
b) The witches were typically from lower social classes.
c) The witches “confessed” to delusions and hallucinations.
d) The witches were labeled insane by the courts of the times.
c) The witches “confessed” to delusions and hallucinations.
A detailed re-examination of the witch hunts during the Middle Ages revealed that
a) Most of the accused were not mentally ill.
b) Mental illness was more common during that time period.
c) Most witches were psychotic.
d) Many more men than women were accused, tortured and put to death.
a) Most of the accused were not mentally ill
The word ‘lunacy’ comes from a theory espoused by Paracelsus, who attributed odd behavior to
a) the effects of a full moon.
b) drinking witches’ brew.
c) a misalignment of the moon and stars.
d) witchcraft.
c) a misalignment of the moon and stars
Early asylums were developed
a) for the confinement and care of the mentally ill.
b) to protect people from witch hunts.
c) after the discovery of syphilis.
d) centuries before leprosy hospitals.
a) for the confinement and care of the mentally ill
Bedlam
a) originated from observations of ritualistic chantings of ‘witches.’
b) was a common practice of witches that involved trances and casting spells.
c) is the term associated with the chaotic conditions at early asylums.
d) is the practice of prescribing total bed rest for mentally ill people.
c) is the term associated with the chaotic conditions at early asylums.
In 1791, John was committed to an asylum in the United States. Which treatment was he likely to experience there?
a) group therapy
b) bloodletting
c) moral treatment
d) hypnosis
b) bloodletting
Who is associated with creating more humane environments at mental hospitals?
a) Emil Kraepelin
b) Joseph Breuer
c) Philippe Pinel
d) John Watson
c) Philippe Pinel
Treatment for the mentally ill during the Moral Therapy era became more humane when
a) patients were given individual attention.
b) asylums were abolished.
c) specialty hospital wards were created for the mentally ill within general care facilities
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Moral treatment involved
a) herbal remedies that may have been toxic.
b) fighting social inequities.
c) encouraging patients to engage in purposeful activities.
d) frightening the individual.
c) encouraging patients to engage in purposeful activities.
Elizabeth was receiving moral treatment while in an early asylum. Which of the following treatments was she LEAST likely to receive?
a) medication
b) physical restraints
c) purposeful activities
d) work-related tasks
b) physical restraints
“Moral treatment” was largely abandoned because of the development of
a) psychoanalysis.
b) improved medications.
c) large impersonal hospitals.
d) scandals at retreat centers.
c) large impersonal hospitals
Dorothea Dix is famous for
a) greatly improving the standard of care for people with mental illness.
b) overseeing the creation of thirty-two state hospitals for the mentally ill.
c) providing moral treatment to many people with mental illness.
d) all of the above.
d) all of the above
Similar to the early asylums, present-day mental hospitals
a) provide a great deal of stimulation.
b) provide intensive individual therapy.
c) provide merely for basic needs and medication.
d) are well staffed with nurses and psychiatrists, but have few psychologists.
c) provide merely for basic needs and medication
General paresis is best described as
a) an early term for schizophrenia.
b) hysterical paralysis with no medical cause.
c) a deterioration of mental and physical health associated with syphilis.
d) a bloodletting technique.
c) a deterioration of mental and physical health associated with syphilis.
The germ theory of disease, which states that disease is caused by infection of the body by tiny organisms, was put forth by
a) Emil Kraepelin.
b) Franz Anton Mesmer.
c) Jean Charcot.
d) Louis Pasteur.
d) Louis Pasteur
The discovery of the cause of syphilis was important to the field of mental illness for which reason?
a) Syphilis was widely feared and exacerbated mental illness.
b) It increased interest in determining biological causes for mental illness.
c) More asylum patients were diagnosed with syphilis.
d) It highlighted the need for valid diagnostic systems.
b) It increased interest in determining biological causes for mental illness.
The germ theory of disease
a) showed the link between syphilis and mental illness.
b) explained the cause of schizophrenia and depression.
c) disproved the biological hypotheses.
d) showed the link between influenza and adjustment disorder.
a) showed the link between syphilis and mental illness
An adherent for biological approaches would suggest which of the following treatments for depression?
a) antidepressant medication
b) psychotherapy
c) relaxation therapy
d) hypnosis
a) antidepressant medication
The eugenics movement
a) was a direct result of the germ theory of disease.
b) sought to cleanse society of people with undesirable characteristics.
c) classified mental disorders according to their genesis.
d) sought to abolish ECT treatments.
b) sought to cleanse society of people with undesirable characteristics.
Early work in behavior genetics led to
a) electroconvulsive therapy.
b) the cure for general paresis.
c) reduced interest in psychoanalysis.
d) forced sterilization of mental patients.
d) forced sterilization of mental patients
Which of the following is true about ECT?
a) It is used today to treat patients with severe depression.
b) Today it is primarily used in the treatment of epilepsy.
c) It destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to the lower centers of the brain.
d) ECT ceased to be used after the introduction of the lobotomy.
a) It is used today to treat patients with severe depression.
Hypnosis, as originally used by Mesmer, was used for
a) mild exorcism.
b) uncovering early child abuse.
c) acting as an anesthetic.
d) treating hysteria.
d) treating hysteria
The reasoning behind hypnosis as developed by Mesmer was that
a) changing the magnetic fluid in his patients would result in symptom reduction.
b) relaxation was a sufficient treatment for alleviating symptoms.
c) frightening patients would result in symptom reduction.
d) faith in the healer caused healing
a) changing the magnetic fluid in his patients would result in symptom reduction.
Esther was a patient of Mesmer, who was treating her for blindness. What was the likely scenario when she entered his treatment room?
a) a quiet room, with a soft reclining chair
b) a “bleeding device” used to drain the blood that, believed to be in excess, resulted in psychogenic blindness
c) a stock of chemical-filled rods, with Mesmer presiding over the room
d) a sterile, well-lit room with several doctors in white laboratory coats
c) a stock of chemical-filled rods, with Mesmer presiding over the room
Breuer observed an association between recalling past traumatic events and expression of the original emotion in hysterics. This resulted in
a) increased hysteria.
b) decreased hysteria.
c) the emergence of new symptoms.
d) the repression of emotions.
b) decreased hysteria
Dr. Jones encourages her clients, under hypnosis, to recall childhood traumas and the emotions associated with them. This technique was developed by
a) Josef Breuer.
b) Carl Jung.
c) Fritz Perls.
d) Franz Mesmer.
a) Josef Breuer
Which is TRUE regarding catharsis?
a) It is a moral therapy method.
b) It was initiated by Pinel.
c) It consists of drawing blood from a patient.
d) It encourages the release of emotional tension.
d) It encourages the release of emotional tension
If you went to Josef Breuer for treatment of hysterical paralysis, which treatment would you probably NOT receive?
a) hypnosis
b) free association
c) talk therapy
d) medication
d) medication
The cathartic method was created by
a) Sigmund Freud.
b) Josef Breuer.
c) Jean Martin Charcot.
d) Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
b) Josef Breuer
The psychoanalytic theory rests upon the assumption that psychopathology is the result of
a) incomplete superego development.
b) unconscious conflicts.
c) ego defense mechanisms.
d) over-control of the pleasure principle.
b) unconscious conflicts
The id, ego, and superego are
a) structures of the mind.
b) orders in a developmental sequence.
c) biological drives.
d) brain structures.
a) structures of the mind
The ego operates according to the __________ principle.
a) reality
b) Oedipal
c) Electra
d) pleasure
a) reality
The basic energy source for the psyche is the
a) id.
b) ego.
c) superego.
d) Oedipus complex.
a) id
When you feel hungry and immediately seek out food, this is an example of the __________ acting.
a) superego
b) ego
c) id
d) projection
c) id
According to Freud’s theory, the superego develops from the
a) id.
b) ego.
c) emergence of defense mechanisms.
d) conflicts in the Oedipal stage.
b) ego
Dealing with reality is the primary role of the
a) id.
b) ego.
c) superego.
d) preconscious.
b) ego
Which structure involves only activity of the unconscious?
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) the psyche
a) id
While studying for an exam, Greg worked for 15 minutes before becoming tired. He decided that it would be better to work for another 30 minutes before taking a break. His behavior is being guided by which part of his personality?
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) ego defense
b) ego
When one refers to their conscience, they are also describing their
a) id.
b) ego.
c) superego.
d) ego defenses.
c) superego
The superego allows us to
a) be capable of rational thought.
b) know right from wrong.
c) act in line with reality.
d) be spontaneous.
b) know right from wrong
Carol is trying to decide whether to drink alcohol, knowing that her parents are strongly opposed to drinking. According to Freudian theory, Carol’s struggle is between her __________, which makes her want to drink, and her __________, which discourages her from drinking.
a) id; superego
b) ego; superego
c) id; ego
d) superego; ego
a) id; superego
According to Freud, what is the most important determinant of behavior?
a) conscious
b) pre-conscious
c) unconscious
d) all of the above are equally important
c) unconscious
The ego uses __________ to protect itself from anxiety.
a) the libido
b) defense mechanisms
c) the superego
d) the id
b) defense mechanisms
Conflicts from a particular stage of development, according to Freud, will
a) be completely ignored.
b) be unimportant in later stages.
c) continue to affect development.
d) be important only when one is informed of the specific conflict.
c) continue to affect development
Fixation at a particular stage, according to Freud, results in
a) difficulties in determining the nature of the conflicts when the person enters analysis.
b) a sexually unresponsive individual.
c) an inability to develop further.
d) regression to that stage when stressed later in life.
d) regression to that stage when stressed later in life
Which of the following is NOT a technique in psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
a) transference.
b) free association.
c) interpretation.
d) cognitive reappraisal.
d) cognitive reappraisal
Dr. Smith argues that the desire to hunt is built into all men dating back to the times of cave men. Dr. Smith is relying on the concept of
a) positive reinforcement.
b) collective unconscious.
c) self-actualization.
d) sublimation.
b) collective unconscious
Adler developed a theory of psychoanalytic thought oriented towards
a) psychoticism.
b) doing things for the social good.
c) overt behavior change.
d) all of the above.
b) doing things for the social good
As part of therapy, you are asked to lie on a couch and say anything that comes to mind. This is called
a) interpretation.
b) transference.
c) real analysis.
d) free association.
d) free association
You begin to think of your therapist in a similar way to your sister, so you begin to treat the therapist as you treat your sister. This is referred to as
a) countertransference.
b) identification.
c) transference.
d) projection.
c) transference
According to the __________ theory, at each developmental stage a different part of the body is most sensitive to sexual excitation and, therefore, the most capable of satisfying the id.
a) psychosexual
b) psychodynamic
c) sexualization
d) none of the above
a) psychosexual
The correct developmental order of Freud’s psychosexual stages is
a) anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
b) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
c) latency, anal, oral, genital, phallic
d) phallic, oral, genital, anal, latency
b) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
The psychosexual stage in which the id does not play a major role is the __________ stage.
a) anal
b) phallic
c) latency
d) oral
c) latency
Which of the following papers was drawn from Freud’s clinical observations of those suffering from depression?
a) “Mourning and Melancholia”
b) “Repression and Depression”
c) “Frustration of the Id”
d) “Depression Manifesto”
a) “Mourning and Melancholia”
During which psychosexual stage did Freud say the roots of depression were formed?
a) anal
b) latency
c) phallic
d) oral
d) oral
According to Freud, people who are fixated at the __________ stage are overly dependent upon others.
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) genital
a) oral
Which of the following psychodynamic assumptions is NOT considered true today?
a) Childhood experiences help shape adult personality.
b) There are unconscious influences on behavior.
c) The causes and purposes of human behavior are not always obvious.
d) Sexual drives are key in the development of the self.
d) Sexual drives are key in the development of the self
Behaviorists advocate that
a) abnormal behavior arises from discussions of abnormal behavior.
b) abnormal behavior is learned.
c) insight is important in changing behavior.
d) defenses are associated with resolving anxiety.
b) abnormal behavior is learned
The earliest experimental work on classical conditioning was conducted by
a) Bandura.
b) Tolman.
c) Skinner.
d) Pavlov.
d) Pavlov
Anne experienced extreme pain at the dentist as a child. Now she goes to a different dentist, but feels her heart race when she arrives,and go down when she leaves. Her heart racing whenever she goes to the dentist is due to __________, and the calming feeling when she leaves is due to __________.
a) classical conditioning, operant conditioning.
b) operant conditioning, classical conditioning.
c) operant conditioning, meditational learning.
d) operant conditioning, modeling.
a) classical conditioning, operant conditioning
Fiona faints when her doctor begins to draw blood. What is the unconditioned response?
a) the needle
b) blood
c) fainting
d) blood flow
c) fainting
The following type of response to behavior results in an increased probability of the behavior occurring again.
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) Positive punishment
d) both a and b
d) both a and b
A class conducted an experiment with its professor. The students paid attention as a group only when she was to the left of the blackboard. After this was established, they paid attention only when she was three feet from the blackboard, further to the left. Finally, they paid attention only when she was directly in the corner, to the left of the blackboard. This is an illustration of
a) shaping.
b) punishment.
c) habituation.
d) modeling.
a) shaping
Mr. Smith is going to a therapist for help with a fear of heights. Over several sessions the therapist, Dr. Jones, provides deep muscle relaxation and gradual exposures to heights. Dr. Jones’s treatment approach is best identified as
a) free association.
b) systematic desensitization.
c) modeling.
d) positive reinforcement.
b) systematic desensitization
Early behaviorist theories did not consider the critical role that __________ play in human behavior.
a) thoughts
b) emotions
c) memories
d) both a and b
d) both a and b
The study of cognition began to be prominent in the
a) 1950s
b) 1960s
c) 1970s
d) 1980s
b) 1960s
Which of the following theoretical approaches emphasizes the importance of how people construe themselves in the world?
a) Behaviorist
b) Psychodynamic
c) Humanistic
d) Cognitive
d) Cognitive
Cognitive therapists believe that if clients change their __________ they will be able to change their feelings, behaviors, and symptoms.
a) conscience
b) reactions
c) thoughts
d) actions
c) thoughts
According to Albert Ellis, __________ are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves.
a) emotional reactions
b) irrational thoughts
c) disturbed perceptions
d) angry obsessions
a) emotional reactions
Rational-emotive behavior therapy was proposed by
a) Freud
b) Skinner
c) Piaget
d) Ellis
d) Ellis
Psychiatrists differ from clinical psychologists in that psychiatrists
a) receive training in scientific bases of behavior.
b) receive training in diagnosis of psychopathology.
c) undergo personal analysis as part of their training.
d) prescribe medication.
d) prescribe medication
Which profession requires a research dissertation as a prerequisite for an advanced degree?
a) psychiatry
b) clinical psychology
c) psychiatric nursing
d) psychoanalysis
b) clinical psychology
Social workers primarily
a) perform psychological assessments.
b) conduct extensive research.
c) conduct psychotherapy.
d) prescribe medication.
c) conduct psychotherapy
The doctor of psychology degree (Psy.D.) emphasizes
a) medication-based training.
b) psychodynamic training.
c) testing and measurement of mental illness.
d) clinical training more than research training.
d) clinical training more than research training
Clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and social workers are all likely to be involved in
a) conducting research.
b) providing psychotherapy.
c) teaching.
d) prescribing psychoactive medication.
b) providing psychotherapy
There has recently been a debate regarding whether clinical psychologists should be allowed to
a) focus on research rather than clinical practice.
b) study social factors influencing psychopathology.
c) admit patients to the hospital.
d) prescribe medication.
d) prescribe medication
