Paradigms Test Bank Flashcards
Which philosopher of science said, “Subjective factors as well as our human limitations enter into the conduct of scientific inquiry?
a) Thomas Kuhn
b) Sigmund Freud
c) Emile Durkheim
d) Abraham Maslow
a) Thomas Kuhn
A set of basic assumptions that defines how to conceptualize and study a subject, how to gather and interpret relevant data, even how to think about a particular subject is known as a
a) theoretical perspective.
b) hypothetical stance.
c) paradigm.
d) none of the above.
c) paradigm
Paradigms in the study of psychopathology
a) increase objectivity.
b) slow innovation.
c) increase confidence in our conclusions regarding mental illness.
d) enable us to gather knowledge in a systematic manner.
d) enable us to gather knowledge in a systematic manner.
When a scientist chooses a paradigm to understand psychopathology, it
a) has little effect on clinical practice.
b) leads to an overly narrow perspective.
c) is generally too narrow in focus.
d) specifies which problems they will investigate and how they will go about investigating them.
d) specifies which problems they will investigate and how they will go about investigating them.
Contemporary views on genetic and environmental factors in behavior emphasize that
a) genes are important for only some behaviors.
b) a good environment can overcome genetic limitations.
c) both factors influence each other.
d) the percentage of genetic influence on a behavior can be measured.
c) both factors influence each other
The carriers of the genetic information passed from parent to child are called
a) nature.
b) genes.
c) zygotes.
d) DNA.
b) genes
- What makes us unique is the
a) number of genes we have.
b) the amount of DNA we inherit.
c) the number of genes we inherit.
d) the sequencing of our genes.
d) the sequencing of our genes.
The switching on and off of certain genes is called
a) gene expression
b) gene sequencing
c) DNA ordering
d) DNA display
a) gene expression
When discussing heritability, it is important to keep in mind all of the following EXCEPT:
a) heritability estimates range from 0.0 to 1.0.
b) the higher the heritability value, the greater the heritability.
c) heritability is relevant for a particular individual.
d) heritability is relevant for large populations.
c) heritability is relevant for a particular individual
According to behavior genetics research,
a) nonshared experiences have much more to do with mental illness than shared experiences.
b) shared experiences have much more to do with mental illness than nonshared experiences.
c) shared and nonshared experiences are equally important for mental illness.
d) there is no way to differentiate between shared and nonshared contributions to mental illness.
a) nonshared experiences have much more to do with mental illness than shared experiences.
Psychopathology is polygenic, meaning that
a) there are several different paradigms to explain abnormal behavior.
b) there are several different genes operating at different times during development that influence vulnerability.
c) the human genome consists of around 30,000 genes.
d) if a person had a gene for a given disorder, he or she would most likely get that disorder.
b) there are several different genes operating at different times during development that influence vulnerability.
If the heritability of ADHD is around .70, then
a) 70% of ADHD is due to .environment and 30% is attributed to genes.
b) 30% of ADHD is due to genes and 70% is attributed to variations in our brain.
c) individual heritability for ADHD is .70 and has little to do with our parents.
d) In a given population, approximately 70% of variation in ADHD is attributed to genes and approximately 30% is attributed to the environment.
d) In a given population, approximately 70% of variation in ADHD is attributed to genes and approximately 30% is attributed to the environment.
Which of the following statements is false?
a) Heritability is a population statistic ranging from 0.0 to 1.0.
b) Heritability is the extent to which variability in a particular behavior in a population can be accounted for by environmental factors.
c) Heritability is a measure of what varies in a population.
d) The higher the heritability statistic, the more a particular behavior can be accounted for by genetic factors.
b) Heritability is the extent to which variability in a particular behavior in a population can be accounted for by environmental factors.
Research suggests that
a) shared environmental factors is what matters most for understanding genetic variability among siblings.
b) heritability is what determines a behavior in a population.
c) the effect of nonshared environmental events on siblings is what matters most for understanding genetic variability among siblings.
d) specific types of events determine genetic variability among siblings.
c) the effect of nonshared environmental events on siblings is what matters most for understanding genetic variability among siblings.
One’s inherited genes are referred to as
a) phenotypes.
b) genotypes.
c) somatotypes.
d) allele types.
b) genotypes
One’s observable characteristics are called
a) fistulas.
b) genotypes.
c) genetic types.
d) phenotypes.
d) phenotypes.
A genotype is illustrated by which of the following?
a) Kim’s eye color
b) Kim’s hair color
c) Kim’s unexpressed gene for sickle cell
d) Kim’s two recessive genes
c) Kim’s unexpressed gene for sickle cell
A phenotype is illustrated by which of the following?
a) Lisa’s mom’s hair color.
b) Lisa’s chromosomes.
c) Lisa’s eye color.
d) Lisa’s DNA structure.
c) Lisa’s eye color.
The behavior genetic view suggests which of the following relationships between genes and abnormal behavior?
a) Genetic predispositions increase the likelihood of abnormal behavior.
b) It is possible and reasonable to manipulate an individual’s genes.
c) Twins are more likely to exhibit abnormal behavior.
d) None of the above.
a) Genetic predispositions increase the likelihood of abnormal behavior.
Any measure of intelligence is best viewed as an index of
a) genotype.
b) phenotype.
c) shared environment.
d) nonshared environment.
b) phenotype
Turkheimer and colleagues’ study of IQ showed that
a) heritability for IQ is high.
b) heritability depends upon the environment.
c) achievement is highly heritable regardless of environment.
d) linkage analysis is a sound research method.
b) heritability depends upon the environment
Different forms of the same gene are called
a) alleles.
b) polymorphisms.
c) chromosomes.
d) genotypes.
a) alleles.
A difference in DNA sequence that occurs in a population is called
a) an allele.
b) a genotype.
c) a phenotype.
d) a polymorphism.
d) a polymorphism
“Knockout studies”
a) are used to learn about mating behaviors in mice.
b) are used to gain a better understanding of DNA sequences.
c) manipulate specific genes and observe the effects on behavior by “removing” certain genes from mice DNA.
d) manipulate specific genes by inserting artificial hormones into mice DNA.
c) manipulate specific genes and observe the effects on behavior by “removing” certain genes from mice DNA
Transcription factors recognize
a) promoters.
b) responders.
c) influencers.
d) recorders.
a) promoters.
In genetics, SNPS refers to
a) single neurogenic proteins.
b) single nucleotide polymorphisms.
c) soluble nucleotide proteins.
d) soluble neurokinetic polymorphisms.
b) single nucleotide polymorphisms
A CNV is an abnormal copy of one or more sections of DNA. They occur due to all of the following EXCEPT:
a) addition of copies
b) deletion of copies
c) mutation of copies
d) multiplication of copies
d) multiplication of copies
“De novo” mutations are:
a) spontaneous
b) rapidly progressing
c) slow developing
d) systematic
a) spontaneous
The study of the pups born to high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers and raised by high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers provided support for the idea that
a) environments influence the expression of genes in psychopathology.
b) adoption studies are a useful method for understanding genetic markers.
c) environments do not play as important a role as genetics.
d) LG-ABN behaviors in mothers are not related to the expression of certain genes in pups.
a) environments influence the expression of genes in psychopathology.
Adoption studies are ideal studies for investigating
a) polymorphism.
b) gene-environment interactions.
c) genotypes.
d) alleles.
b) gene-environment interactions.
Nick was born with a predisposition for aggression and impulsivity that has resulted in frequent trouble with the law. As a result of time spent in jail, Nick has developed alcohol dependence. This is an example of
a) linkage analysis.
b) epigenetics.
c) gene-environment interaction.
d) reciprocal gene-environment interaction.
d) reciprocal gene-environment interaction
A reciprocal gene-environment interaction
a) involves the idea that genes may predispose individuals to seek out certain environments.
b) involves how adopted children take on the characteristics of their adopted parents.
c) is a useful research method in adoption studies.
d) suggests that individuals who spend a lot of time in bars are more likely to develop alcohol dependence than those who do not frequent bars.
a) involves the idea that genes may predispose individuals to seek out certain environments.
A major current challenge for researchers within the genetic paradigm is to show the mechanism by which
a) genes for pathology remain after many generations.
b) genes and environments influence each other.
c) genes exert effects on highly complex behaviors.
d) drugs are able to effect genetic predispositions.
b) genes and environments influence each other.
The neuroscience paradigm
a) suggests that genes are responsible for most types of psychopathology.
b) suggests that dopamine is linked to most types of psychopathology.
c) asserts that mental disorders are linked to aberrant processes in the brain.
d) asserts that mental disorders are linked to environmental disturbances.
c) asserts that mental disorders are linked to aberrant processes in the brain.
The small gap between brain cells that is involved in message transmission is called the
a) neurotransmitter.
b) axon.
c) ganglion.
d) synapse.
d) synapse
Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that
a) allow nerve impulses to reach the next neuron.
b) repair neurons.
c) let neurons adjust their sensitivity to new inputs.
d) adjust the speed of neural transmissions.
a) allow nerve impulses to reach the next neuron.
Neurotransmitters are pumped back into the presynaptic cell by
a) reintroduction.
b) reuptake.
c) reinstitution.
d) recall.
b) reuptake