Research Methods and Stats

Question 1

Group Matching

Answer 1

picking a sample using demographics (i.e. race, gender)

Question 2

Participant Bias

Answer 2

1. demand characteristics
2. social desirability
3. placebo effect

Question 3

Experimenter Bias

Answer 3

expectancy effect

Question 4

Double-Blind

Answer 4

experimenter bias solution: neither subject/experimenter knows conditions

Question 5

Single-Blind

Answer 5

experimenter bias solution: only subject knows conditions

Question 6

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 6

observe subject in their natural setting (sees subject’s typical activities > what subject reports to doing)

Question 7

Case Study

Answer 7

study elements/implications of a single case

Question 8

Survey

Answer 8

Problems:

1. talk vs. action
2. framing the question

Question 9

Correlation Research

Answer 9

looks at relationship between 2 independent things (correlation ≠ causation)

Question 10

Longitudinal//Cross-Sectional Research

Answer 10

Longitudinal: same group over long period of time (i.e. study 2nd graders then study the same class when they're 4th graders)
Cross-Sectional: study different groups over short period of time (i.e. study 2nd graders and 4th graders)

Question 11

Controlled Experiment

Answer 11

all same elements except 1 variable.

• casual relationship: what changes = cause, measured = effect.
• independent variable changes, dependent variable measured.

Question 12

Operational Definition

Answer 12

how to measure the dependent variable in a controlled experiment

Question 13

Positive vs. Negative Skew

Answer 13

skew direction = location of outliers

Question 14

Statistical Significance

Answer 14

determined by p-value, must be 95% sure that difference b/t exp and control groups is due to independent variable.

Question 15

P-Value

Answer 15

determines statistical significance; probability that results happened by accident (must be 5% or less)