Learning

Question 1

Learning vs. Maturation

Answer 1

change in behavior due to experience vs. due to biological change

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

take a stimulus and associate it w/ natural reflex.

• Pavlov and his dogs.
• neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus —> conditioned stimulus and conditioned response

Question 3

Acquisition vs. Extinction

Answer 3

learning vs. unlearning the conditioned response

Question 4

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 4

relapse

Question 5

Stimulus Discrimination vs. Generalization

Answer 5

distinguishing differences between stimulus vs. react to whole fleet of similar stimulus

Question 6

Higher Order Conditioning

Answer 6

2nd conditioned stimulus

Question 7

Contiguity vs. Contingency

Answer 7

2 events were touching in time vs. dependent on the other

Question 8

Aversion Therapy

Answer 8

breaks habits using classical conditioning

Question 9

Conditioned Emotional Responses

Answer 9

i.e. mugged by bearded man and now afraid of men with beards

Question 10

Law of Effect

Answer 10

you will continue behaviors that bring you pleasure and stop doing behaviors you dislike

Question 11

Skinner

Answer 11

better to reward good than punish bad

Question 12

Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement

Answer 12

gives reward vs. takes away (—) to return to normal (i.e. medicine)

Question 13

Punishment

Answer 13

stop unwanted behavior w/ bad consequence. Usually doesn’t break bad behavior, teaches to just not get caught. Teaches what NOT to do, not what TO do.

Question 14

Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 14

do not have to be taught as having value (food) vs. must teach its value (money, grades)

Question 15

Premack Principle

Answer 15

tailor the reward to the person; works well with small groups

Question 16

Over-Justification

Answer 16

when rewards go wrong; offer reward for something I like: “Oh, I like reading but it must be bad if they’re rewarding me for it”. Task becomes job, not enjoyable anymore

Question 17

Shaping and Prejudice

Answer 17

using rewards to train something into complicated behavior (can teach bad behaviors too)

Question 18

Latent Learning

Answer 18

learning that happens without us really knowing

Question 19

Insight Learning

Answer 19

all of a sudden, the answer “comes to you” — subconsciously figures it out, works well w/ sleep

Question 20

Learned Helplessness

Answer 20

after enough times, will not even try anymore.

Question 21

Bandura and Aggression

Answer 21

kid do imitate adults but are normal again afterwards; kids change behavior when they see what happens to others

Question 22

4 Steps to Make Social Learning Work

Answer 22

1. attention (notice behavior, consequences, role model doing it)
2. retention (have to remember)
3. motivation
4. reproduction (must feel like can reproduce behaviors)