Individual Senses Flashcards
Hue vs. Saturation
actual light wavelength vs. vividness/purity
Primary Colors
red, green, blue
Pupil
small opening through which light enters
Iris
colored muscle that regulates pupil size
Lens
(behind pupil) focuses incoming rays into image on retina
Retina
photoreceptors; light-sensative multilayer tissue at back of eyeball
Rods vs. Cones
(in retina) black/white only vs. color vision
Bipolar Cells
triggered by chemical changes in rods/cones, activates ganglion cells
Ganglion Cells
axons of ganglion cells make up optic nerve
Blind Spot
where optic nerve goes to brain
Fovea
retina’s area of central focus (only cones)
Cornea
protective outer area
Trichromatic Young-Helmholtz Theory
(eye) 3-different types of color receptors (RBG)
Opponent-Process Theory
(eye) 3 neuron pairs: R/G, B/W, Y/Bl. As one half of the pair activates, the other is inhibited.
Nearsightedness vs. Farsightedness
eyeball is misshapen so image does not focus exactly on retina.
Cataracts
lens become cloudy and sometimes need to be removed
Glaucoma
nerve cells unable to fire b/c of pressure from excess fluid
Color Blindness vs. Blindness
sex-linked, typically only red-green vs. result of damage to the eye/neurons/visual cortex
Pinna
outer ear; receives sound waves
Ear Canal
outer ear; sound waves travel through
Timpanic Membrane
outer ear; aka ear drum; sound waves hit and vibrate ear drum
Ossicles (3)
middle ear; carry/amplify vibrations from ear drum
Oval Window
middle ear; allows access to cilia
Cochlea
inner ear; filled w/ fluid, spiral-shaped
Basilar Membrane
inner ear; within cochlea; covered w/ cilia. When the cilia vibrate, messages are sent up to auditory cortex in temporal lobe
Sound Localization
2 ears = which ear receives sound waves first?
*doppler effect
Place Theory
super high pitches stimulate first cilia
Frequency Theory
low frequency sounds vibrate cilia at same frequency
Volley Principle
take turns reloading (first group fire then switch)
Conduction vs. Sensorineural Deafness
due to problems w/ distal stimulus (outer ear) vs. due to nerve damage -proximal stimulus- (inner ear)
Pitch vs. Timbre
tone (i.e. keys on piano) vs. quality/complexity of sound (mixture of sound waves)
Gustatory Sense
taste: salt, sweet, bitter, sour, umami.
- taste buds refreshed every few months, tastes can change/dull
Haptic Sense
skin; parietal lobe (somatosensory cortex)
Gate Control Theory
- adrenaline closes pain gates.
- exhaustion/emotional problems can worsen pain.
Vestibular Sense
balance; tells position of head and when body is moving.
Semicircular Canals and Vestibular Sacs
structures in inner ear that have fluid in them; related to vestibular sense
Kinesthetic Sense
tells us where in space our bodies are, where body parts are in relation to each other, what muscles are doing
Olfactory Sense
smell; stimulus goes into nose to olfactory epithelium where odor receptors lie. Axons of receptors join to form olfactory nerves —> olfactory cortex in temporal lobe
