Cognition // Thinking

Question 1

Information Processing Model

Answer 1

Encoding —> Storage —> Retrieval

Question 2

Atkinson Shiffrin Model

Answer 2

Sensory Memory, Working Memory, Long Term Memory

Question 3

Sensory Memory

Answer 3

process everything; iconic (vision) and echoic (hearing)

Question 4

Working Memory

Answer 4

few items encoded, decays quickly; 7±2

Question 5

Long Term Memory

Answer 5

unlimited space, retrieval is key.

Question 6

Explicit vs. Implicit

Answer 6

long term memory: w/ conscious vs. w/o conscious recall

Question 7

Semantic and Episodic vs. Skills and Classical Conditioning

Answer 7

(facts and experiences) explicit vs. implicit

Question 8

Rehearsal: Maintenance vs. Elaborative

Answer 8

simple repetition vs. adding organization

Question 9

Mnemonics

Answer 9

categories, acronyms, acrostics, interactive images, methods of loci (assign something to something else), peg words (common list like nursery rhyme and visualize new item associated with it)

Question 10

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 10

very detailed of event

Question 11

Eidetic Memory

Answer 11

photographic memory, cannot pick out important stuff

Question 12

State Dependent/Mood Congruent Memory

Answer 12

must be in same state/mood as when memory was encoded. (i.e. drunk, must be drunk to retrieve memory)

Question 13

Context Dependent Memory

Answer 13

must be in same place as when memory was encoded. (i.e. encoded memory in classroom, remember when revisit classroom)

Question 14

Prospective Memory

Answer 14

remembering to do things in future

Question 15

Positive Transfer

Answer 15

easy to transfer knowledge (i.e. rollerblading -> ice skating)

Question 16

Negative Transfer

Answer 16

current info gets in way of new info. (i.e. figure skating ≠ rollerblading)

Question 17

Serial vs. Parallel Processing

Answer 17

(like physics circuits) sequential 1-at-a-time vs. all at once: self terminating search (looking for keys, stop when found) or exhaustive search (multiple choice test, must check all answer choices first)

Question 18

Serial Position Effect

Answer 18

(graph) primacy effect vs. recency effect

Question 19

Transience

Answer 19

7 sins: unused info decays

Question 20

Absentmindedness

Answer 20

7 sins: temporarily forget b/c focus shifts to something more important

Question 21

Blocking

Answer 21

7 sins: one info gets in way of another.

Proactive Interference: 1st interferes w/ 2nd
Retroactive Interference: 2nd interferes w/ 1st

Question 22

Misattribution

Answer 22

7 sins: placing place/name/event where it doesn’t belong.

Conflation: 2 memories smushed into 1 (brain tries to help make things coherent)
Constructive Memory: unintentionally build false memory (brain tries to fill in gap in memory)

Question 23

Suggestibility

Answer 23

7 sins: memory can be distorted. [LOFTUS]

• framing question
• eyewitness recall
• repressed/recovered memories

Question 24

Hindsight Bias

Answer 24

7 sins: current belief affects how you remember something

Question 25

Persistence

Answer 25

7 sins: bad memories hang around (like PTSD)

Question 26

Amnesia Types

Answer 26

Retrograde: forget what happened before accident (usual)
Antereograde: cannot form new memories (almost always due to disease like tumors)

Question 27

Motivated Forgetting

Answer 27

forget harmful memories to protect self; repression vs. suppression

Question 28

Repression vs. Suppression

Answer 28

unconsciously repress vs. conscious coping method

Question 29

Problem-Solving Steps

Answer 29

identify problem —> generate solutions —> pick best solution

Question 30

Algorithm vs. Heuristic

Answer 30

rule that guarantees solution vs. (shortcut) faster way to solve b/c only consider most likely solutions.
i.e. algorithm: look at all titles in bookstore. heuristic: go to certain section to search for book.

Question 31

Problems in Problem-Solving

Answer 31

mental set, fixation, functional fixedness

Question 32

Mental Set

Answer 32

problem: use a previously successful strategy but it fails

Question 33

Fixation

Answer 33

problem: habit of always using same methods to solve

Question 34

Functional Fixedness

Answer 34

so used to thinking about something in its most typical use that we don’t use a different way to solve

Question 35

Successful Problem Solving

Answer 35

transfer, incubation, metacognition, expertise, creativity

Question 36

Transfer

Answer 36

good: we’ve done this before

Question 37

Incubation

Answer 37

good: stop working on problem for a while and do something else

Question 38

Metacognition

Answer 38

good: think about our thinking

Question 39

Expertise

Answer 39

good: when you get good at something, you organize info differently than when you were a rookie

Question 40

Creativity

Answer 40

good: developing new ways of thinking about a problem

Question 41

9 Causes of Faulty Decisions

Answer 41

availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic, interference, overconfidence, illusion of control, confirmation bias, belief perseverance, self-serving bias, anchoring

Question 42

Availability Heuristic

Answer 42

cause of faulty decision: thing that comes easiest to mind/seems most common is what you think.
i.e. safer to drive or fly?

Question 43

Representative Heuristic

Answer 43

cause of faulty decision: make judgment based on stereotype

Question 44

Interference

Answer 44

cause of faulty decision: too much info + not enough time = cannot process all

Question 45

Overconfidence

Answer 45

cause of faulty decision: make some decisions based on self-assessment.
i.e. hire a plumber or fix it myself

Question 46

Illusion of Control

Answer 46

cause of faulty decision: I KNOW I can drive well in snow. Can OTHERS? No.

Question 47

Confirmation Bias

Answer 47

cause of faulty decision: remember/support what supports you bias

Question 48

Belief Preservation

Answer 48

cause of faulty decision: make up mind about something, won’t change it.

Question 49

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 49

cause of faulty decision: i.e. I studied hard (when I do well) vs. XXX is a bad teacher (when I fail)

Question 50

Anchoring

Answer 50

cause of faulty decision: if reference point/anchor is given, answer will gravitate toward it