Cognition // Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

Information Processing Model

A

Encoding —> Storage —> Retrieval

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2
Q

Atkinson Shiffrin Model

A

Sensory Memory, Working Memory, Long Term Memory

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3
Q

Sensory Memory

A

process everything; iconic (vision) and echoic (hearing)

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4
Q

Working Memory

A

few items encoded, decays quickly; 7±2

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5
Q

Long Term Memory

A

unlimited space, retrieval is key.

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6
Q

Explicit vs. Implicit

A

long term memory: w/ conscious vs. w/o conscious recall

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7
Q

Semantic and Episodic vs. Skills and Classical Conditioning

A

(facts and experiences) explicit vs. implicit

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8
Q

Rehearsal: Maintenance vs. Elaborative

A

simple repetition vs. adding organization

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9
Q

Mnemonics

A

categories, acronyms, acrostics, interactive images, methods of loci (assign something to something else), peg words (common list like nursery rhyme and visualize new item associated with it)

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10
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

very detailed of event

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11
Q

Eidetic Memory

A

photographic memory, cannot pick out important stuff

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12
Q

State Dependent/Mood Congruent Memory

A

must be in same state/mood as when memory was encoded. (i.e. drunk, must be drunk to retrieve memory)

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13
Q

Context Dependent Memory

A

must be in same place as when memory was encoded. (i.e. encoded memory in classroom, remember when revisit classroom)

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14
Q

Prospective Memory

A

remembering to do things in future

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15
Q

Positive Transfer

A

easy to transfer knowledge (i.e. rollerblading -> ice skating)

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16
Q

Negative Transfer

A

current info gets in way of new info. (i.e. figure skating ≠ rollerblading)

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17
Q

Serial vs. Parallel Processing

A

(like physics circuits) sequential 1-at-a-time vs. all at once: self terminating search (looking for keys, stop when found) or exhaustive search (multiple choice test, must check all answer choices first)

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18
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

(graph) primacy effect vs. recency effect

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19
Q

Transience

A

7 sins: unused info decays

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20
Q

Absentmindedness

A

7 sins: temporarily forget b/c focus shifts to something more important

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21
Q

Blocking

A

7 sins: one info gets in way of another.

Proactive Interference: 1st interferes w/ 2nd
Retroactive Interference: 2nd interferes w/ 1st

22
Q

Misattribution

A

7 sins: placing place/name/event where it doesn’t belong.

Conflation: 2 memories smushed into 1 (brain tries to help make things coherent)
Constructive Memory: unintentionally build false memory (brain tries to fill in gap in memory)

23
Q

Suggestibility

A

7 sins: memory can be distorted. [LOFTUS]

  • framing question
  • eyewitness recall
  • repressed/recovered memories
24
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

7 sins: current belief affects how you remember something

25
Persistence
7 sins: bad memories hang around (like PTSD)
26
Amnesia Types
Retrograde: forget what happened before accident (usual) Antereograde: cannot form new memories (almost always due to disease like tumors)
27
Motivated Forgetting
forget harmful memories to protect self; repression vs. suppression
28
Repression vs. Suppression
unconsciously repress vs. conscious coping method
29
Problem-Solving Steps
identify problem —> generate solutions —> pick best solution
30
Algorithm vs. Heuristic
rule that guarantees solution vs. (shortcut) faster way to solve b/c only consider most likely solutions. i.e. algorithm: look at all titles in bookstore. heuristic: go to certain section to search for book.
31
Problems in Problem-Solving
mental set, fixation, functional fixedness
32
Mental Set
problem: use a previously successful strategy but it fails
33
Fixation
problem: habit of always using same methods to solve
34
Functional Fixedness
so used to thinking about something in its most typical use that we don't use a different way to solve
35
Successful Problem Solving
transfer, incubation, metacognition, expertise, creativity
36
Transfer
good: we've done this before
37
Incubation
good: stop working on problem for a while and do something else
38
Metacognition
good: think about our thinking
39
Expertise
good: when you get good at something, you organize info differently than when you were a rookie
40
Creativity
good: developing new ways of thinking about a problem
41
9 Causes of Faulty Decisions
availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic, interference, overconfidence, illusion of control, confirmation bias, belief perseverance, self-serving bias, anchoring
42
Availability Heuristic
cause of faulty decision: thing that comes easiest to mind/seems most common is what you think. i.e. safer to drive or fly?
43
Representative Heuristic
cause of faulty decision: make judgment based on stereotype
44
Interference
cause of faulty decision: too much info + not enough time = cannot process all
45
Overconfidence
cause of faulty decision: make some decisions based on self-assessment. i.e. hire a plumber or fix it myself
46
Illusion of Control
cause of faulty decision: I KNOW I can drive well in snow. Can OTHERS? No.
47
Confirmation Bias
cause of faulty decision: remember/support what supports you bias
48
Belief Preservation
cause of faulty decision: make up mind about something, won't change it.
49
Self-Serving Bias
cause of faulty decision: i.e. I studied hard (when I do well) vs. XXX is a bad teacher (when I fail)
50
Anchoring
cause of faulty decision: if reference point/anchor is given, answer will gravitate toward it