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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

State 4 characteristics of a Lab Environment

A
  • Standardised Procedures
  • Experimenter manipulates IV
  • Control over Extraneous Variables
  • Tightly Controlled Environment
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2
Q

State 3 Characteristics of a Field Experiment

A
  • More Natural Environment
  • Experimenter manipulates IV
  • Experimenter has some control over Extraneous Variables
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3
Q

State 3 Characteristics of a Natural/Quasi Experiment

A
  • Completely Natural Environment
  • Experimenter has no control of IV
  • Experimenter has no control over Extraneous Variables
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4
Q

What are two strengths of a Lab Experiment

A
  • Cause and Effect can be Established
  • Reliability can be checked
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5
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of using a Lab Experiment

A
  • Low ecological Validity
  • Demand Characteristics
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6
Q

What 2 Strengths of using a Field Experiment

A
  • Less Bias from Demand Characteristics
  • Ecological Validity
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7
Q

What are 2 Benefits of a Natural/Quasi Experiment

A
  • Ecological Validity
  • No Demand Characteristics
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8
Q

What are 2 Weaknesses of using a Natural/Quasi Experiment

A
  • Difficult to establish Cause and Effect
  • Most Difficult to check reliability
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9
Q

Define Independent Measures Design

A

Using different participants for each condition

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10
Q

Define Repeated Measures Design

A

Where the same participants do both conditions

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11
Q

Define Matched Pairs Design

A

Participants are matched based on key variables. One is placed into the experimental condition and the other in the controlled condition

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12
Q

What are 2 Strengths of using Independent Measures

A
  • No Order Effects
  • Less time consuming
  • Control over EV
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13
Q

What are 2 Weaknesses of Independent Measures Design

A
  • A large sample signs is needed to fill both conditions
  • Can be Expensive
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14
Q

What are 2 Strengths of Repeated Measures Design

A
  • Results will not be affected by participants variables
  • No extra participants are needed
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15
Q

What are 2 Weaknesses of using Repeated Measures Design

A
  • Demand Characteristics
  • Order Effect
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16
Q

Define Order Effect

A

The position of task influencing outcome

17
Q

What are 2 Benefits of using Matched Pairs Design

A
  • No Order Effects
  • Reduces Participant Variables
18
Q

Define Counterbalancing

A
  • Ppts sample is split in half
  • One sample does conditions in one order the other sample does it in reverse order
  • This is done to reduce order effects
19
Q

Define a Structured Observation

A

The way data is gathered using a pre planned collection grid to record behaviour

20
Q

Define Unstructured Observation

A

Data collected has no predetermined plan

21
Q

What are the benefits of using a Controlled Observation

A
  • High levels of control over extraneous variables
  • Easy to replicate
22
Q

What are drawbacks of using a Controlled Observation

A
  • Demand Characteristics
23
Q

What are 2 Benefits of a Naturalistic Observation

A
  • High levels of Ecological Validity
  • Reduced Demand Characteristics
24
Q

What are 2 Weaknesses of using a Naturalistic Observation

A
  • No control over Extraneuos Variables
  • Ppts don’t know that they are being observed lading to ethical problems
25
Q

Define Event Based Sampling

A

This is where the observer record the number of times a certain behaviour is displayed

26
Q

What is a weakness of Event Sampling

A
  • Observer could get tired because they have to sit through the whole period
  • Could cause them to be lazy and miss some behaviours
27
Q

Define Time Based Sampling

A

Behaviour is recorded at a prescribed intervals

28
Q

Define a Type 1 Error

A

When the experimental hypothesis is accepted when the null hypothesis should have accepted

29
Q

What can cause a Type 1 Error

A

When the level of significance is too high

30
Q

Define Type 2 Error

A

Accepting the null hypothesis when the experimental hypothesis should have been accepted

31
Q

What can cause a Type 2 Error

A

The level of significance is too low

32
Q

Define Normal Distribution

A

Where the Mean, Median and Mode are similar or the same

33
Q

Define Nomial data

A

Data that is categories

34
Q

Define Ordinal Data

A

Data that uses rank order

35
Q

Define Interval Data

A

Data has has Fixed Intervals between each unit

36
Q

What are the 3 Types of Reliability

A
  • External Reliability
  • Inter Reliability
  • Observer Reliability
37
Q

Define External Reliability

A

Producing the same result each time the test is carried out

38
Q

Define Observer Reliability

A

When 2 or more observers produce the same record of results

39
Q

What are the 5 types of Validity

A
  • Internal Validity
  • Temporal Validity
  • Ecological Validity
  • Population Validity
  • Concurrent Validity

Psychology (10 decks)

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