Attachment Flashcards
What is an attachment
An emotional tie between two people by mutual affection and desire for proximity
What is Reciprocity
Where interactions between caregiver and infant
What is Interactional Synchrony
When interactions between caregiver and infants are synchronised
What are two results of the Schaffer and Emerson study
- 87% of infants showed multiple attachments at 9 months
- 31% of infants had 5 or more attachments at 18 months
- 39% of infants had formed a prime attachment to someone other than their main caregiver
What are the 4 stages of Schaffer’s Stages of attachment
- Pre-Attachment
- Indiscriminate Attachment stage
- Specific Attachment stage
- Multiple attachment
What did Schaffer and Emerson results say about attachments to fathers
75% of infants had gained an attachment to there father by 18 months
What did the result of the Grieger study suggest about the role of a father
It suggested that fathers had a more playful role whereas the mother had a more emotional role
What did the results of Frodi et al study suggest about the role of a father
So that there was no difference in responses to a distressed baby suggesting that a father can also be emotionally supportive
What is a critical period
A specific peiod time period within which an attachment must be formed
What is a critical period
A specific period time period within which an attachment must be formed
What is a sensitive period
A set time period when an attachment must be formed, if not done an attachment may never be formed
What was the procedure in the Lorenz study (Geese study)
-12 eggs used in the study
-Lorenz split them into two groups of 6
-Placed in incubator with one seeing biological mother first and the other seeing Lorenz first
-Once imprinted marked them all and placed in a box to see whether they would follow him or their biological mother
What were the results of the Lorenz study
The 6 goslings that imprinted on him refused to follow their biological mother
What was the procedure in the Harlow study (Rhesus Monkey)
- 16 Rhesus monkeys were used
- A cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a toweling mother producing no milk
- They wanted to measure the amount of time the monkey spent with
each mother
What were the results of the Harlow Study
-Monkeys spent more time with the toweled mother to seek comfort rather than the wired mother
-Monkey with the wired mother showed more signs of distress
What is a problem with using animal studies to explain attachment in humans
-Can cause ethical issues
-Lacks ecological validity
What is Bowlys 5 monotopic theory
-Monotropic
-Innate and Adaptive
-Social Releasers
-Critical period
-Internal working model
What was the critical period in attachment according Bowlby
2.5 years
What is meant by Attachment is Monotropic
The preference for one person
What is meant by Attachment being Innate & Adaptive
We have a natural drive to form an attachment
What are example of Social Realisers
- Crying
- Smiling
- Cute Faces
What is meant by “Monotropic attachment forms our Internal Working Model“
Our first attachment is the template on how we make future attachments
What are the 5 attachment behaviours observed in ‘Strange Situation’
- Proximity Seeking
- Reunion Behaviour
- Exploration
- Separation Anxiety
- Stranger Anxiety
What are the 3 Types of Attachment
- Insecure Avoidant
- Securely Attached
- Insecure Resistant
What are the Characteristics of Insecure Avoidant Attachment
- Infants ignored their mothers and her presence
- Displayed little stress when she returned
- Avoided Strangers
How many infants display Insecure Avoidance
15%
What are the Characteristics of a Secure Attachment
- Infants seek the proximity of Caregivers
- Infants distressed when Caregivers leave, however calm down when they return
- Infants are avoidant of strangers
How many infants display Secure Attachments
70%
What are the Characteristics of Insecure Resistance
- High Separation Anxiety
- High Stranger Anxiety
- Limited Exploration
- Always seeking for proximity
How many Infants displayed Insecure Resistance
15%
What was the procedure in Schaffer and Emerson study
- 60 Infants were used
- Studied in a naturalistic observation
- Observed once every 4 week up to 1 yr
- Observed once more time at 18 months
How many Countries were studied in Van Ijzendoorns Study
8 Countries
How many studies were in Van Ijzendoorns study
32 Studies
Which Countries showed the Highest % and Lowest % of insecure Avoidant
Highest - Germany 35%
Lowest - Japan 5%
Which Countries showed the Highest % and Lowest % of Insecure Resistant
Highest - Isreal 29%
Lowest - UK 3%
Which Countries showed the Highest % and Lowest % of Secure Attachment
Highest - UK 75%
Lowest - China 50%
What does a Secure Attachment suggest about Adult Relationship
- Able to make meaningful relationships
- High Self Esteem
- Empathetic
What does a Insecure Avoidant Attachment suggest about Adult Relationship
- Problems with Intamacy
- Invest little into Romantic Relationships
- Unwilling to share feelings
What does a Insecure Resistant Attachment suggest about Adult Relationship
- Avoids closeness but wants it
- Worries partner doesn’t love them
- Distraught when the Relationship ends
Define Maternal Deprivation
The separation from the mother which causes severe damage to a child’s social, emotional and cognitive development
What are the 5 Problems that Maternal Deprivation can lead to
- Affectionless Psychopathology
- Developmental Retardation
- Delinquency
- Increased Aggression
- Depression
Define Affectionless Psychopathology
The inability to show affection or concern for others
Outline the Love Quiz
- 620 replies on the quiz
- 56% of ppts would had a secure attachment when infants had a happy relationship
- 19% fo insecure ppts feared about not being loved
Outline Romanian Orphan Study
- Studied 165 Romanian children who were adopted before the age of 4 by UK families
- They were studied at 4, and 11
What were the IQ results of the Romanian Orphan Study
- Adopted before 6 months Mean IQ 102
- Adopted between 6 months and 2yrs Mean IQ 86
- Adopted after 2 yrs Mean IQ 77
What are the 3 effects of Institutionalisation
- Disinhibited Attachment
- Developmental Retardation
- Deprivation Dwarfism
What is meant by Disinhibited Attachment
Infants who are institutionalised for a long time display attention seeking behaviour and so no stranger anxiety
Define Developmental Retardation
Infants raised in institutions show developmental delay in education causing them to have a lower IQ
Define Deprivation Dwarfism
Infants grow physically smaller and are malnourished
What are the 3 Situational Variables affecting Obedience
- Uniform
- Location
- Proximity
What were the results of the situational variables
- Uniform 20%
- Location 48%
- Proximity 40%
