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AS-Psychology(*) > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what is informed consent

A

process where researchers working with participants describe their research project and get the participants consent

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2
Q

what is confidentiality

A

keeping the information private unless the information will harm you or someone else

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3
Q

what is the right to withdraw

A

allows a research participant to drop out of a study at any time without penalty

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4
Q

what is a debrief

A

the process or an instance of disclosing information after an experiment in order to inform a subject of the purpose and reasons for any deception or manipulation

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5
Q

what is protection from harm

A

Researchers must ensure that those taking part in research will not be caused distress. They must be protected from physical and mental harm

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6
Q

what is deception

A

when a researcher gives false information to subjects or intentionally misleads them about some key aspect of the research

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7
Q

what are the 5 different sampling methods

A

1)random
2)opportunity
3)volunteer
4)systematic
5)stratified

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8
Q

what is random sampling

A

a subset of individuals randomly selected by researchers who all have an equal chance of being picked

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9
Q

what is opportunity sampling

A

the researcher selecting anyone who is available and willing to take part in the study

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10
Q

what is volunteer sampling

A

a sampling technique where participants self-select to become part of a study because they volunteer when asked, or respond to an advert

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11
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

a sampling technique that uses a predetermined system to select the participants from a target group

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12
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

when the population is divided into specific groups and then randomly sampled from those

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13
Q

what are extraneous variables

A

any variable that you’re not investigating that can potentially affect the outcomes of your research study

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14
Q

what are confounding variables

A

factors other than the independent variable that may cause a result

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15
Q

what are participant variables

A

individual differences between participants that may affect the dv

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16
Q

what are situational variables

A

features of the experimental situation that may affect the dv

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17
Q

what are demand characteristics

A

risk that the participants will change their natural behaviour in line with their interpretation of the aims of the study

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18
Q

what is randomisation

A

the process of assigning participants to treatment and control groups, assuming that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group

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19
Q

what is standardisation

A

the process of making a test uniform, or setting it to a specific standard

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20
Q

what is operationalisation

A

turning abstract conceptual ideas into measurable observations

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21
Q

what is the investigator effect

A

occurs when a researcher unintentionally, or unconsciously influences the outcome of any research they are conducting

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22
Q

19/09/2023

A

remember this homie

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23
Q

what are directional hypothesis

A

hypothesis that states the direction

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24
Q

what are non-directional hypothesis

A

hypothesis that doesn’t state the direction

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25
Q

what is a research aim

A

general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate

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26
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

a clear, precise, testable statement that states the relationship between variables to be investigated

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27
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

a statement of prediction that your research will not yield significant results

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28
Q

what is an experimental hypothesis

A

A prediction that your research will yield a significant difference or effect

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29
Q

what is a correlational hypothesis

A

A prediction that your research will yield a significant relationship

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30
Q

what is a one tailed hypothesis

A

states the direction of the difference or relationship

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31
Q

what is a two-tailed hypothesis

A

does not state the direction of difference or relationship

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32
Q

what is an alternative hypothesis

A

a statement of prediction that your research will yield significant results

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33
Q

what are the 4 types of experiment

A

-laboratory
-field
-quasi
-natural

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34
Q

explain laboratory experiment

A

conducted under controlled conditions, in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable to measure the effect on the dependent variable

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35
Q

explain field experiment

A

Takes place in natural, real-world settings. The researcher manipulates the independent variable to measure the effect on the dependent variable

36
Q

explain quasi experiment

A

The independent variable naturally exists and the effect on the dependent variable is measured

37
Q

explain natural experiment

A

In a natural environment and the independent variable is not brought about by the researcher. The dependant variable is decided by the researcher and measured

38
Q

what is experimental design

A

the way participants are allocated to experimental groups of an investigation

39
Q

what is independent groups design

A

two groups are exposed to different experimental conditions

40
Q

what is repeated measures design

A

same participants take part in each condition of the experiment

41
Q

what is matched pairs design

A

pairs of participants are matched in terms of key variables

42
Q

what is random allocation

A

chooses individuals for treatment and control groups entirely by chance

43
Q

what is counter balancing

A

technique used to del with order effects when using a repeated measures design

44
Q

what is a single-blind procedure

A

a specific research procedure in which the researchers do not tell the participants if they are being given control treatments or test treatment

45
Q

what is a double-blind procedure

A

where neither the participants or the researchers know the critical aspects of the experiment

46
Q

give 2 strength and limitations of laboratory experiments

A

strengths=
-high control over ev
-high control means more replicable
limitations=
-lacks ecological vadility
-increases the likelihood of demand characteristics

47
Q

give 1 strength and limitation of field experiments

A

strengths=
-high ecological vadility
-demand characteristics re less likely
limitations=
-difficult to control the ev
-more ethical issues

48
Q

give 1 strength and limitations of quasi experiments

A

strengths=
-control over the ev
limitations=
-may be Cv

49
Q

give 1 strength and limitation of natural experiments

A

strengths=
-high external vadility
-provides opportunities to research variables we cant manipulate
limitations=
-naturally occuring events may be rare
-no control over ev

50
Q

give 1 strength and limitations of independent groups design

A

strengths=
-order effects are not a problem
-less chance of demand characteristics
limitations=
-need to obtain more participants
-may be participant variables

51
Q

give 1 strength and limitation of repeated measures design

A

strengths=
-participant variables are controlled
limitations=
-order effect

52
Q

give 1 strength and limitations of matched pairs design

A

strengths=
-order effects arent a problem
limitations=
-more time consuming

53
Q

explain what structured interviews are

A

where you gather information using a set of standardized and predetermined questions

54
Q

explain what semi-structured interviews are

A

combines a set of pre-determined set of open questions so the interviewer can explore responses further

55
Q

explain what unstructured interviews are

A

has no predetermined questions

56
Q

what is a naturalistic observation

A

watching and recording behaviour in the setting in which it would normally occur

57
Q

what is a controlled observation

A

watching and observing behavior within a structured environment

58
Q

what is a covert observation

A

participant behaviour is watched and recorded without knowledge or consent

59
Q

what is an overt observation

A

participants behaviour is watched and recorded with their knowledge or consent

60
Q

what is a participant observation

A

researcher becomes a member of the group who they are watching

61
Q

what is a non-participant observation

A

researcher remains outside of group they are watching

62
Q

what are behavioral categories

A

breaking the target behaviour into components that can be observed and measured

63
Q

give 1 strength and limitation of naturalistic observations

A

strengths=
-ecological vadility
-low risk of dc
limitations=
-lacks control
-replication is difficult

64
Q

give 1 strength and limitation of controlled observations

A

strengths=
-easier to replicate
limitations=
-low ecological vadility
-dc

65
Q

give 1 strength and limitation of overt observations

A

strengths=
-more ethical
limitations=
-high chance of DC

66
Q

give 1 strength and limitation of covert observations

A

strengths=
-low chance of DC
-higher validity
limitations=
-unethical

67
Q

give 1 strength and limitations of participant observations

A

strengths=
-low risk of DC
limitations=
-difficult to record behaviour

68
Q

give 1 strength and limitations of non-participant observations

A

strengths=
-less deception
limitation=
-reduced validity

69
Q

what is event sampling

A

counting the number of times a particular behaviour or event occurs in an individual or group

70
Q

what is time sampling

A

recording the behaviour in a pre-established time frame

71
Q

what is an unstructured observation

A

observe and record all relevant behavior so there is continuous recording

72
Q

what is a structured observation

A

uses a predetermined system for recording the behavior. They need to be clearly defined

73
Q

what are the 3 types of correlation

A

postiive
negative
no correlation

74
Q

what are co-variables

A

the two variables that have the relationship

75
Q

what are the 2 types of reliability and explain them

A

internal=
the internal consistency of a measure(everything should measure the same thing)
external=
the extent to which a measure is consistent again and again(if you want to replicate the study, would you get the same results?)

76
Q

what are the two main types of validity and explain them

A

internal=
the degree of confidence that the causal relationship you are testing is not influenced by other factors or variables
external=
Whether data can be generalised to other contexts

77
Q

explain temporal validity

A

extent to which results from one-time point can relate to another time point

78
Q

explain ecological validity

A

extent to which data can be generalized to the real word

79
Q

explain face validity

A

extent to which a test appears to measure what it intends to

80
Q

explain concurrent validity

A

whether a measure is in agreement to another pre-existing measure that has been validated

81
Q

explain construct validity

A

the extent to which your test or measure accurately assesses what it’s supposed to

82
Q

explain population validity

A

extent to which results from a sample relate to the general population

83
Q

what is a pilot study

A

the first step of the entire research protocol and is often a smaller-sized study assisting in planning and modification of the main study

84
Q

why would a researcher conduct a pilot study

A

it provides necessary information not only for calculating the sample size but also all other main aspects of the study

85
Q

what are the 3 main aims of peer review and explain them

A

-allocate research funding = wether or not to allocate funding for a proposed research project
-validate the quality = all elements of research are assessed for quality and accuracy
-suggest amendments or improvements = reviews may suggest improvements or conclude it is inappropriate

86
Q
A

AS-Psychology(*) (38 decks)

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