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Psych 105 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific Paradigm

A

a commonly accepted view about a subject

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2
Q

what is something all psychologists can agree on

A

all agree that the scientific method serves as the unifying foundation for the science of psychology

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3
Q

what are the three lessons learnt from Clever Hans

A

Lesson 1: the value of skepticism

Lesson 2: the value of controlled experimentation

Lesson 3: observer-expectancy effects

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4
Q

Explain the value of skepticism (lesson 1)

A

-Funks was able to learn the truth about hand because he was skeptical

-scientists attempt to disprove theories rather than to prove them

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5
Q

Explain the value of controlled experimentation (lesson 2)

A
  • careful observation under controlled conditions is an important aspect of the
    -funks identified the conditions where Hans could answer and could not answer questions (the cues)
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6
Q

Explain the Observer-expectancy Effects (lesson 3)

A

-observers may unintentionally communicate to subjects on their expectations which can possibly change the results

eg. taking and oral quiz and knowing your doing good because of the facial expressions of the person giving the quiz

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7
Q

What are the 6 steps of the scientific method

A
  1. identify the problem
  2. Gather Information
  3. Generate a Hypothesis
    4..Design and Conduct Experiments
  4. Analyze the Data and formulate Conclusions
  5. Restart the Process
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8
Q

what is Descriptive Research

A
  • describing behavior in natural settings and ALL variables are measured
  • there is no manipulation and extraneous factors are not controlled
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9
Q

what is the difference between Naturalistic Observation and Participant Observation

A

naturalistic = you watch and learn without manipulating variables (just watching)

participant = the researcher actually interacts with the population of interest instead of just watching

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10
Q

Why do we have Case Studies

A

because for studying conditions that are so rare, it would be impossible to find a large sample of individuals with the same condition
you are only looking at 1 person but gathering a LOT of data

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11
Q

What are some DISADVANTAGES for case studies

A
  • they cannot be used as evidence for theories but can inspire the formation of a theory or a hypothesis
  • researcher bias
    -cant be generalized to everyone because its usually done on abnormal people
  • poor method of determining cause-and -effect relations
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12
Q

what is Survey research and what is the “representative sample”

A

survey research is a type of research that uses questions to get specific information from a group of people

You can study the entire population so you need a representative sample that represents the important characteristics of the population

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13
Q

what are correlational studies

A

looking at the relationship and strength between two or more variables

  1. the researcher measures one variable (x)
  2. the researcher measures a second variable (y)
  3. the researcher statistically determines whether x and y are related
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14
Q

what are some PRO’s about correlational studies

A
  • you can identify the possible relationship between to variables
  • can show the strength of the relationship
  • identifies “real-world” situations
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15
Q

what are some CONS about correlational studies

A
  • you can’t assume that a cause-effect relationship exists because your not manipulating any variables
  • relationship may be due to a third unmeasured variable
  • shows association not cause
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16
Q

what are 3 characteristics of experimental methods

A
  • testing theories through controlled experiments (only manipulate 1 variable)
    -can establish a cause and effect relationship
  • hypothesis driven
17
Q

what is the difference between the independent and dependant variable

A

independent = what the experimenter changes

dependant = dependant on the independent variable (what the participant does)

18
Q

what is a stratified random sample

A

people are divided into categories and a few are taken from each

19
Q

what is the difference between “between subjects” and “within subjects”

A

between = each group in the experiment is composed of a different set of participants and each group gets a different treatment

within = each participant is exposed to ALL conditions of the independent variable

20
Q

Explain the ABA design

A

(A) - the participant is tested in the firs condition

(B) - the participant is tested in the second condition where you manipulate something (intervention phase)

(A) - back to the original condition (reversal phase)

21
Q

what is a problem with the ABA (reversal) design

A

the removal of treatment B
- if the treatment is working for the better, it isn’t ethical to stop the treatment
- or the variable (B) may have a big effect and after the treatment is removed and it doesn’t go back to how it was

22
Q

what is the Multiple Baseline Design

A

where you have more than one participant and you introduce the treatment at different times for each

this way you can be more certain that it was the treatment that caused the change

23
Q

what is Internal Validity

A

when the experiment is free from errors and any difference in measurement is due to the independent variable and nothing else
(the experiment is valid)

24
Q

what is External Validity

A

when research results from an experiment can be inferred externally and outside the experiment
(valid externally)

25
Q

What is the “Observer/Experimenter Expectancy Effect”

A

where the researchers or observers unintentionally influence participants by sending signals unintentionally

26
Q

how do we fix the Observer/Experimenter Expectancy Effect

A

by keeping the observer blind to what condition the participant Is in as well as the participant (double blind procedure)

27
Q

What is the participant/subject expectancy effect

A

where subjects might act a certain way just because they are expected to act that way instead of being real and natural

28
Q

what is “replication”

A

repeating a study to determine whether the original findings can be duplicated

29
Q

What is Principal A in the ethical principles

A

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

  • the benefits should outweigh the cost subjects might experience
30
Q

What is Principal B of the ethical principles

A

Fidelity and Responsibility

  • researchers should be honest and reliable with their participants
31
Q

What is Principle C in the ethical principals

A

Integrity

psychologists should promote accuracy, honestly, and truthfulness

32
Q

What is Principal D in the ethical principles

A

Justice

  • don’t exclude certain groups from research
  • there should be fairness and just
33
Q

What is Principal E in the ethical principles

A

Respect for peoples Rights and Dignity

  • psychologists should respect the dignity and worth of all people and their rights to privacy
34
Q

What is the role of “Internal Review Boards” (IRB’s)

A

to review and assess whether or not a research project will be carried out

it has to match the general Ethical Principles

35
Q

What is Deception

A

when participants are not made fully aware of the specific purposes of the study or are misinformed

36
Q

What is Debriefing

A

where the purpose of the experiment is told to the participants as soon as the study protocol permits

37
Q

what is the Mode, Median, And Mean

A

Mode = the most occurring value
Median = the middle data point
Mean = the average

38
Q

what is the 5% rule

A

if the probability of an event is less than 5% then it is considered ‘Rare”

Psych 105 (18 decks)

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