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kin 311 > research assessment > Flashcards

research assessment Flashcards

1
Q

4 main necessities of a good research assessment

A
  • correlative (risk, something related to something else)
  • causative ( need something to cause something to happen)
  • necessitive ( if we dont have a key part, won’t get the same outcome)
  • descriptive (to measure something, it is what it is)
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2
Q

what is needed for research

A
  • tools and assessments that are highly specialized
  • highly standardized assessments
  • validity and reliability
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3
Q

what does craig study

A
  • integrative human physiology
  • sympathetic nervous system control of cardiovascular function
  • adaptation and plasticity related to physiological stressors
  • specifically environmental stressors (decreased O2)
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4
Q

a decrease in O2 availability

A
  • hypoxia
  • less o2
  • in environment or level of tissue
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5
Q

a decrease in O2 in blood

A
  • hypoxaemia
  • unable to maintain O2 in the blood
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6
Q

categories (static) and caused of deviations (dynamic) from normoxia

A
  • ambient environment (hypoxia or hyperoxia)
  • biological compartment (hypoxia or hyperoxia)
  • control of respiration (hypoxia or hyperoxia)
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7
Q

what effects our O2 uptake

A
  • our health, impaired ability to take up and circulate O2 (asthma, COPD, heart failure)
  • our activities , use > availability
  • our environment , reduction in environmental availability
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8
Q

reduction in environmental availability

A
  • amount of environmental O2 is decreased
  • barometric pressure of O2 changes
  • molecules are further apart at higher altitudes
  • each volume has less molecules of O2 in it
  • O2 everywhere is constant (21%), doesn’t change but molecules do
  • less O2 in every breath
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9
Q

measuring hypoxia/hypoxaemia at places around the world

A
  • measures partial pressure
  • 700mmHg in edmonton
  • 760mmHg is sea level
  • 250mmHg is Mt.Everest
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10
Q

how to measure hypoxia/hypoxaemia

A
  • gas analyzer
  • mass spectrometer
  • pulse oximetery
  • near-Infrared spectroscopy
  • tissue microscopy
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11
Q

gas analyzer

A
  • sees 21% of O2
  • can change the O2 in the air (can change it to nitrogen)
  • looks at gas present
  • infared light
  • O2 absorbs light to measure O2
  • relatively cheap
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12
Q

mass spectrometer

A
  • ionizes gas molecules
  • very expensive
  • gold standard
  • can measure many substances
  • challenges because some molecules weight the same / are similar
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13
Q

pulse oximetery

A
  • light projected through tissues
  • worn on finger and connected to watch
  • amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin reflects certain light + and some that doesn’t bounces different light
  • there’s different lights to determine between what you look for
  • CO can bind to hemoglobin which if counted for can be dangerous
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14
Q

near-InfraRed Spectroscopy

A
  • makes sure the brain is receiving O2
  • more sensors to detect O2 in tissues + venous compartment
  • is attached to the forehead
  • penetrates deep in to tissue
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15
Q

tissue microscopy

A
  • not for humans (rats)
  • red cells circulation + desaturation
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16
Q

arterial oxygen saturation

A
  • depending on the amount, is presented differently in thermal charts
  • represents amount of O2 going to actual tissue
  • uses computer modeling
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17
Q

fight-or-flight response

A
  • regulation, plasticity, and adaptation along the sympathetic neurovascular cascade
  • brain - signal - do
18
Q

neurovascular health lab

A
  • takes blood samples and direct neural recordings like microneurography
19
Q

sympathetic nervous system activity

A
  • burst frequency
  • burst amplitude
  • burst probability/occurrence
20
Q

defining altitude ranges

A
  • 8000m is the death zone: little O2 concentration, cells cannot build new cells
  • over 5000m is extreme: unconsciousness and dizziness
  • 3000m - 5000m is very high : tingling sensations and headaches
  • 1500 - 3000m is high : where AMS can begin to be seen
  • lowest is sea level.
21
Q

exercise capacity at altitude

A
  • is harder above the altitude you are used to
  • O2 uptake is less
22
Q

performance at altitude

A
  • not necessarily dangerous, but performance decreases
  • air resistance decreases which can also equal better performance
23
Q

acute mountain sickness

A
  • shows up at or above 2500m
  • happens in 25% of people
  • headaches, GI issues, Fatigue, dizziness
  • underlying causes are not known
  • can’t predict who will get it
24
Q

lake Louise score

A
  • diagnoses acute mountain sickness
  • must have headache 1+
  • in only headache 3+
  • 3-5 Mild AMS
  • 6-9 moderate AMS
  • ## 10-12 Severe AMS
25
Q

guidelines for appropriate acclimatization

A
  • take appropriate prophylactic drugs (Diamox)
  • no more than 300-500m in elevation gain per day (sleeping elevation)
  • incorporate a rest day for every 1000m gained
  • avoid respiratory depressants (alcohol)
  • if you are unwell do not ascend higher
  • go down if symptoms persist or get worse
26
Q

failure to acclimatize

A
  • can get really sick and have to climb down the mountain
  • O2 amount around 50%
27
Q

how we respond to decreases in oxygen

A
  • correction: mechanisms designed to counter the drop in O2 availability, breathing more
  • compensation: mechanisms designed to preserve function of critical organs , more O2 to where it is needed
  • short term
28
Q

ventilation

A
  • increases at higher altitudes
  • more O2 over time
  • tidal volume 1000ml
  • 850ml enters the alveoli
  • 150ml enters the “dead space”
  • alveoli are increased with higher altitude
  • short term
29
Q

adaptation of HR

A
  • compensation for increased altitude
  • increased HR and increased CO and SV
  • short term
30
Q

redistribution of blood flow

A
  • fight + flight
  • more O2 to where needed
  • mostly to the brain as it is an important organ
  • short term
31
Q

changes in O2 delivery and consumption

A
  • brain is good at conserving O2
  • redistributes correctly
  • redistributes blood and O2 to the brain as well as lowering the metabolism/o2 utilization
  • short term
32
Q

long term acclimatization blood volumes

A
  • what is in the blood actually matters
  • if you only had plasma and you had to dissolve o2, it would take 180l of blood per minute to transport enough O2 to meet basal demands
  • plasma is 55% of total blood
  • buffy coat of leukocytes and platelets is <1%
  • erythrocytes is 45% of total blood
  • plasma volume DECREASE in altitude
33
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • red blood cells
  • hold the carrying capacity of O2
  • how much is there matters
34
Q

oxygen transport at sea level

A
  • hematocrit is 40-50% (red blood cells)
  • Hb concentration = 13-17 g/dl
  • how much hemo is on a red blood cell x total number of cells = more carrying capacity
35
Q

oxygen transport at altitude

A
  • hematocrit = 50+%, has more carrying capacity
  • Hb concentration = 20+ g/dl
  • fluid (plasma) volume decreases
  • artificially increases hematocrit
  • every beat moves more red cells
36
Q

renal function during acclimatization

A
  • decreased plasma volume due to urine output and fluid volume shifts
  • shifts whole body’s blood volume
  • artificially increases hematocrit
  • blood volume measurement (co rebreathe)
  • CO into system to bind to hemo, how much you measure = how much binded = blood binding
  • excitation of bicarbonate to buffer increase in pH
  • blood gas analysis
37
Q

long - term adaptation

A
  • become more acclimatized the longer you live somewhere
  • genetic adaptations
  • sherpa-people resided at altitude for ~25,000 yrs
38
Q

Andean populations

A
  • most studied high altitude population because they are easily accessible
  • rely upon increased hemoglobin to sustain O2 delivery
  • prone to chronic mountain sickness which is characterized by excessive red blood cell production
39
Q

quechua people

A
  • resided at altitude ~11,000 years
  • 80% hematocrit , very sludgy , cannot move O2
  • hypoxic tissue level conditions
40
Q

chronic mountain sickness assessment

A
  • Quinghai score for CMS
  • > 5 is a diagnosis of CMS
  • must have increased hemoglobin mass
  • (+3 added if Hb is >21 g/dl on men or >19 in women)
  • breathlessness, sleep disturbance, cyanosis, dilation of veins, paresthesia, headache, tinnitus, high hemoglobin concentration

kin 311 (22 decks)

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