research assessment Flashcards
1
Q
4 main necessities of a good research assessment
A
- correlative (risk, something related to something else)
- causative ( need something to cause something to happen)
- necessitive ( if we dont have a key part, won’t get the same outcome)
- descriptive (to measure something, it is what it is)
2
Q
what is needed for research
A
- tools and assessments that are highly specialized
- highly standardized assessments
- validity and reliability
3
Q
what does craig study
A
- integrative human physiology
- sympathetic nervous system control of cardiovascular function
- adaptation and plasticity related to physiological stressors
- specifically environmental stressors (decreased O2)
4
Q
a decrease in O2 availability
A
- hypoxia
- less o2
- in environment or level of tissue
5
Q
a decrease in O2 in blood
A
- hypoxaemia
- unable to maintain O2 in the blood
6
Q
categories (static) and caused of deviations (dynamic) from normoxia
A
- ambient environment (hypoxia or hyperoxia)
- biological compartment (hypoxia or hyperoxia)
- control of respiration (hypoxia or hyperoxia)
7
Q
what effects our O2 uptake
A
- our health, impaired ability to take up and circulate O2 (asthma, COPD, heart failure)
- our activities , use > availability
- our environment , reduction in environmental availability
8
Q
reduction in environmental availability
A
- amount of environmental O2 is decreased
- barometric pressure of O2 changes
- molecules are further apart at higher altitudes
- each volume has less molecules of O2 in it
- O2 everywhere is constant (21%), doesn’t change but molecules do
- less O2 in every breath
9
Q
measuring hypoxia/hypoxaemia at places around the world
A
- measures partial pressure
- 700mmHg in edmonton
- 760mmHg is sea level
- 250mmHg is Mt.Everest
10
Q
how to measure hypoxia/hypoxaemia
A
- gas analyzer
- mass spectrometer
- pulse oximetery
- near-Infrared spectroscopy
- tissue microscopy
11
Q
gas analyzer
A
- sees 21% of O2
- can change the O2 in the air (can change it to nitrogen)
- looks at gas present
- infared light
- O2 absorbs light to measure O2
- relatively cheap
12
Q
mass spectrometer
A
- ionizes gas molecules
- very expensive
- gold standard
- can measure many substances
- challenges because some molecules weight the same / are similar
13
Q
pulse oximetery
A
- light projected through tissues
- worn on finger and connected to watch
- amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin reflects certain light + and some that doesn’t bounces different light
- there’s different lights to determine between what you look for
- CO can bind to hemoglobin which if counted for can be dangerous
14
Q
near-InfraRed Spectroscopy
A
- makes sure the brain is receiving O2
- more sensors to detect O2 in tissues + venous compartment
- is attached to the forehead
- penetrates deep in to tissue
15
Q
tissue microscopy
A
- not for humans (rats)
- red cells circulation + desaturation
16
Q
arterial oxygen saturation
A
- depending on the amount, is presented differently in thermal charts
- represents amount of O2 going to actual tissue
- uses computer modeling
17
Q
fight-or-flight response
A
- regulation, plasticity, and adaptation along the sympathetic neurovascular cascade
- brain - signal - do
18
Q
neurovascular health lab
A
- takes blood samples and direct neural recordings like microneurography
19
Q
sympathetic nervous system activity
A
- burst frequency
- burst amplitude
- burst probability/occurrence
20
Q
defining altitude ranges
A
- 8000m is the death zone: little O2 concentration, cells cannot build new cells
- over 5000m is extreme: unconsciousness and dizziness
- 3000m - 5000m is very high : tingling sensations and headaches
- 1500 - 3000m is high : where AMS can begin to be seen
- lowest is sea level.
21
Q
exercise capacity at altitude
A
- is harder above the altitude you are used to
- O2 uptake is less
22
Q
performance at altitude
A
- not necessarily dangerous, but performance decreases
- air resistance decreases which can also equal better performance
23
Q
acute mountain sickness
A
- shows up at or above 2500m
- happens in 25% of people
- headaches, GI issues, Fatigue, dizziness
- underlying causes are not known
- can’t predict who will get it
24
Q
lake Louise score
A
- diagnoses acute mountain sickness
- must have headache 1+
- in only headache 3+
- 3-5 Mild AMS
- 6-9 moderate AMS
- ## 10-12 Severe AMS
25
Q
guidelines for appropriate acclimatization
A
- take appropriate prophylactic drugs (Diamox)
- no more than 300-500m in elevation gain per day (sleeping elevation)
- incorporate a rest day for every 1000m gained
- avoid respiratory depressants (alcohol)
- if you are unwell do not ascend higher
- go down if symptoms persist or get worse
26
Q
failure to acclimatize
A
- can get really sick and have to climb down the mountain
- O2 amount around 50%
27
Q
how we respond to decreases in oxygen
A
- correction: mechanisms designed to counter the drop in O2 availability, breathing more
- compensation: mechanisms designed to preserve function of critical organs , more O2 to where it is needed
- short term
28
Q
ventilation
A
- increases at higher altitudes
- more O2 over time
- tidal volume 1000ml
- 850ml enters the alveoli
- 150ml enters the “dead space”
- alveoli are increased with higher altitude
- short term
29
Q
adaptation of HR
A
- compensation for increased altitude
- increased HR and increased CO and SV
- short term
30
Q
redistribution of blood flow
A
- fight + flight
- more O2 to where needed
- mostly to the brain as it is an important organ
- short term
31
Q
changes in O2 delivery and consumption
A
- brain is good at conserving O2
- redistributes correctly
- redistributes blood and O2 to the brain as well as lowering the metabolism/o2 utilization
- short term
32
Q
long term acclimatization blood volumes
A
- what is in the blood actually matters
- if you only had plasma and you had to dissolve o2, it would take 180l of blood per minute to transport enough O2 to meet basal demands
- plasma is 55% of total blood
- buffy coat of leukocytes and platelets is <1%
- erythrocytes is 45% of total blood
- plasma volume DECREASE in altitude
33
Q
erythrocytes
A
- red blood cells
- hold the carrying capacity of O2
- how much is there matters
34
Q
oxygen transport at sea level
A
- hematocrit is 40-50% (red blood cells)
- Hb concentration = 13-17 g/dl
- how much hemo is on a red blood cell x total number of cells = more carrying capacity
35
Q
oxygen transport at altitude
A
- hematocrit = 50+%, has more carrying capacity
- Hb concentration = 20+ g/dl
- fluid (plasma) volume decreases
- artificially increases hematocrit
- every beat moves more red cells
36
Q
renal function during acclimatization
A
- decreased plasma volume due to urine output and fluid volume shifts
- shifts whole body’s blood volume
- artificially increases hematocrit
- blood volume measurement (co rebreathe)
- CO into system to bind to hemo, how much you measure = how much binded = blood binding
- excitation of bicarbonate to buffer increase in pH
- blood gas analysis
37
Q
long - term adaptation
A
- become more acclimatized the longer you live somewhere
- genetic adaptations
- sherpa-people resided at altitude for ~25,000 yrs
38
Q
Andean populations
A
- most studied high altitude population because they are easily accessible
- rely upon increased hemoglobin to sustain O2 delivery
- prone to chronic mountain sickness which is characterized by excessive red blood cell production
39
Q
quechua people
A
- resided at altitude ~11,000 years
- 80% hematocrit , very sludgy , cannot move O2
- hypoxic tissue level conditions
40
Q
chronic mountain sickness assessment
A
- Quinghai score for CMS
- > 5 is a diagnosis of CMS
- must have increased hemoglobin mass
- (+3 added if Hb is >21 g/dl on men or >19 in women)
- breathlessness, sleep disturbance, cyanosis, dilation of veins, paresthesia, headache, tinnitus, high hemoglobin concentration
