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KIN 311 > physical inactivity > Flashcards

physical inactivity Flashcards

1
Q

physical inactivity

A
  • bodily movement generated by skeletal muscles resulting in energy expenditure (heat production).
  • amount of energy you are using in exercise (energy metabolism)
  • 2 divisions
  • non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
  • voluntary physical activity
  • an insufficient physical activity level to meet present physical activity recommendations
  • different all depending on how an individual lives
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2
Q

metabolic cart

A
  • amount of O2 being used
  • not as convenient to measure O2
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3
Q

metabolic chamber

A
  • longer O2 testing
  • can be done from days - weeks
  • uses sample gas
  • how much O2 is used over time
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4
Q

doubly labelled water technique

A
  • consume a water with H2O and O2 (isotopes) to see how the different isotopes are excreted in different ways
  • released through urine , evaporation, sweat
  • how much of this release was due to metabolism
  • not time bound
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5
Q

METS

A
  • 1 MET = amount of oxygen consumed at rest , standardizes physical activity in VO2
  • normalizes the metabolic demand of a given activity / across activities
  • 1 MET = 3.5 ml O2 / kg / min
  • originated from the resting VO2 from one 70kg, 40 year old man and his value ^^
  • MET compendium website to convert the cost of VO2 –> METS
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6
Q

classifying energy expenditure through FIT

A
  • frequency x duration x intensity x body mass
  • equals different levels of energy expenditure depending on how you combine them
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7
Q

classifying movement behaviors

A
  • spectrum of movement behaviors
  • also includes activities in other categories like sleep, sedentary behavior
  • holistic view on physical activity
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8
Q

sitting

A
  • a position in which one’s weight is supported by one’s buttocks rather than one’s feet, and in which one’s back is upright
  • there is sitting doing nothing and sitting but doing something
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9
Q

lying

A
  • being in a horizontal position on a supporting surface
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10
Q

standing

A
  • a position in which one has or is maintaining an upright position while supported by one’s feet
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11
Q

sedentary behavior

A
  • any waking behavior characterized by an energy expenditure of less than 1.5 METS, while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture
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12
Q

sedentary behavior patterns

A
  • have to take into account all aspects of the activity spectrum
  • there is not just active and not just sedentary
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13
Q

total 24hr movement behavior

A
  • 4 different possibilities in the range of sedentary - physical activity
  • can be in both category
  • NOT mutually exclusive
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14
Q

reasons to measure physical activity levels

A
  • direct relationship with disease endpoints (morbidity/mortality)
  • indirect relationship with disease through the effects of activity on diet or body weight (nutrition)
  • ability to study physical activity patterns , determinants, and barriers in different groups
  • more relevant for a wider segment of the population
  • to evaluate physical interventions
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15
Q

weekend warrior

A
  • challenges vigorous physical activity
  • as long as you get 150 min of activity per week it reduces mortality, CVD, and cancer mortality
  • 1-2 sessions per week to meet the 150min requirement
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16
Q

interaction between types of activity (Tv study)

A
  • 240,000 adults (50-71)
  • moderate to vigorous activity
  • TV viewing time as sedentary behavior and CVD risk
  • tv time vs exercise
  • 100% risk if you watch a lot of TV but exercise a lot
17
Q

classifying inactivity by energy expenditure (METS)

A
  • sedentary activity : 0-1.5
  • light PA: 1.5-3
  • moderate PA: 3-6 (most common with athletes and gen pop)
  • vigorous PA: 6+ (usually combined with moderate)
18
Q

methods for assessing physical inactivity

A
  • gold standard is to measure over 7 days
  • best is also to assess over periods of time
  • use reliable and valid assessment methods
  • reliable : reproducible, giving the same results for a given amount of physical activity
  • valid: accurately measures what it is intended to measure
19
Q

physical activity questionnaires

A
  • self reporting
  • IPAQ
20
Q

self reporting questionnaires, pros and cons

A
  • pros –> easy to use (implementing/scoring), inexpensive, easy to deliver on a large scale
  • cons –> social desirability (BIAS, not full truth, socially accepted by sounding better) , memory/ recall (harder over longer periods of time), familiarity with terminology.
21
Q

IPAQ

A
  • developed over past 20+ years
  • actually captures what people are doing
  • short and long versions for epidemiological and research purposes
  • many validation studies across a variety of populations
  • translated into 15+ languages
  • incorporates sedentary behaviors
  • large range of validity in comparison objective measures
22
Q

subjective assessment

A
  • self-report measures of physical activity
23
Q

objective measurements of activity

A
  • pedometers (step counters)
  • accelerometers (motion in 3D)
  • heart rate monitors
24
Q

pedometers

A
  • detect vertical accelerations of the body and record a “step” when vertical acceleration exceeds a threshold value
  • accurate for recording the number of steps taken and distance walked
  • increased reliability for faster walking and running paces because stride is longer and there is a clear heel strike
  • accuracy not affected by walking or running surface
  • relationship between step counts and energy expended strongest for moderate-intensity activities
  • step count is more accurate than kilocalorie estimates
25
Q

problem with pedometers

A
  • decreased sensitivity if tilted away from the vertical plane (not worn properly)
  • hard to track for obese people if they walk slower if the belt is tilted
  • ankle device is sensitive enough to detect frail, slow, shuffling steps
26
Q

accelerometers

A
  • measure movement based on acceleration and deceleration of the body
  • can be work on trunk or limbs
  • measurements are proportional to muscular forces (picks up gravitational acceleration)
  • most results in proportion to energy expenditure
  • provides FIT of PA
  • best types measure in three planes (vertical, horizontal, mediolateral)
27
Q

activPAL

A
  • picks up sedentary behavior
  • worn on the thigh
  • helps with sitting activities (swimming and cycling)
28
Q

parameter

A
  • can be worn on sports bra / chest
  • ECA waveforms
29
Q

actigraph

A
  • research grade
  • very good
  • worn on the hip and wrist
30
Q

advantages of accelerometers

A
  • small size and ability to record data over long periods of time
  • ability to download data and to segment physical activity time periods
  • same accelerometers can be worn repeatedly by different participants
31
Q

limitations of accelerometers

A
  • requires more time and resources
  • technical expertise, hardware, and software needed to calibrate
  • single-plane models may not accurately detect movements from activities such as bicycling, weightlifting, or swimming
  • unable to detect increased activity level resulting from upper body movement, carrying a load, or surfaces
  • equations that estimate energy expenditure may not apply to free-living situations (need well studied devices and validity)
32
Q

heart rate monitoring

A
  • HR is linearly related to VO2 during submaximal aerobic activities
  • HR is good for telling us how how hard we work = exertion
  • good method of physical activity assessment
  • very practical in the field
  • able to store data
  • is able to estimate frequency, intensity, and time of physical activity for days-weeks
33
Q

calorimetry

A
  • indirect is highly correlated (0.87) with HR monitoring
  • there is a stronger correlation with accelerometers than calorimetry for lifestyle activities
  • wearing an accelerometer and a HR monitor together may improve energy expenditure estimation and classification and time spent in light, moderate, and hard activity
34
Q

limitations of a HR monitor

A
  • HR is increased by temp, humidity, and high altitude so these may result in overestimation of energy expenditure.
  • emotional state, hydration status, and type of contraction (static vs dynamic), and the amount of muscle mass recruited will affect HR, independent of physical activity
35
Q

monitors that use multiple inputs

A
  • combos of accelerometers and physiological signals to predict/calculate energy expenditure
  • SenseWear Armband
  • Actiheart
36
Q

GPS monitoring

A
  • provides accurate assessments of speed from slow walking to fast running
  • can be used indoors and outdoors
  • cannot be used for stationary activity
37
Q

physiological sensors

A
  • can be embedded into clothing with wearable digital camera
38
Q

objective measures of activity

A
  • different charts of advantages and disadvantages of pedometers, accelerometers, and HR monitors

KIN 311 (22 decks)

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