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Anatomy & Physiology 165 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of both primary and secondary organs

A

Reproductive system

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2
Q

Produce and house sex cells

A

Primary sex organs

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3
Q

Provide route by which sex cells unite

A

Secondary sex organs

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4
Q

Primary sex organs are called

A

Gonads

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5
Q

Examples of gonads

A

Testes in male

Ovaries in female

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6
Q

Sex cells produces by gonads

A

Gametes

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7
Q

Examples of gametes are

A

Sperm in males

Eggs in female

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8
Q

Encompass all other organs necessary for reproduction

A

Secondary sex organs

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9
Q

Example of male secondary sex organ

A

System of ducts, glands and the penis

Charged with sorting and transporting sperm

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10
Q

Example of secondary sex organ in females

A
  • provide a location for the uniting of egg and sperm

- environment for nourishing a fertizilied egg

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11
Q

Serves to produce, transport and introduce mature sperm into the female reproductive tract

A

Male reproductive system

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12
Q

External portions of the male reproductive system

A

Penis and scrotum

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13
Q

Inside the scrotum

Organs that generate sperm and secrete the male sex hormone

A

Testes

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14
Q

Stead of convective tissue extending from the abdomen

It contains the sperm duct, blood and lympathetic vessels and nerves

A

Spermatic cord

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15
Q

Tubules, spermatic ducts

A

Inside the testes

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16
Q

Generate sperm

A

Tubules

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17
Q

Sperm continue to mature as they follow the path through this part

A

Spermatic duct

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18
Q

Tiny tubes which sperm are produced

Located in the tubule of the teste

A

Seminiferous tubules

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19
Q

Cells that promote the development of sperm by supplying nutrients, removing waste and secreting the hormone inhibin

A

Sertoli cells

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20
Q

A hormone that plays a role in maturation and release of sperm

A

Inhibin

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21
Q

Cells that produce testosterone

A

Leydig cells

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22
Q

A network of vessels that lead away from the seminiferous tubules and provide a location in which sperm partially mature

A

Rete testis

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23
Q

Three sets of accessory glands in the male reproductive system

A
  1. seminal vesicles
  2. prostate gland
  3. bulbourethral
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24
Q

Secretes a thick, yellow is fluid into the ejaculatory duct

Located at the base of the bladder

A

Seminal vesicles

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25
Q

This gland sit just below the bladder where it encircles both the urethra and ejaculatory duct

A

Prostate gland

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26
Q

Pea shaped gland

Secrete clear fluid into the penile portions of the urethera during sexual arousal

A

Bulbourethral gland or Cowper’s glands

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27
Q

Noncancerous enlargement is the prostate at about age 45 due to normal aging

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

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28
Q

The most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of death from cancer

A

Prostate cancer

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29
Q

Deposits sperm into the female vagina

A

Penis

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30
Q

Three cylinders of erectile tissue of the penis

A

Two corpus cavernosa

corpus spoingiosum

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31
Q

What hormone is the onset of puberty marked by ?

A

Gonadotropin -releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalmus

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32
Q

These hormones promote enlargement of the testes which is the first sign of puberty

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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33
Q

Increased production of testosterone also stimulates the development of these secondary sex characreritsics

A
  • pubic, axaillary and facial hair
  • darker and thicker skin
  • increased activity of oil and sweat glands = body odour
  • increased growth along with an increase in muscle mass
  • deeeingin of the voice to larger larynx
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34
Q

Involves a process called meiosis to produce

A

Sperm

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35
Q

Each germ cell produces four sperm

A

True

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36
Q

Sperm formation

A

Spermatogensis

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37
Q

Contains the nucules of the sperm which is packed with genetic material

A

Head

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38
Q

Contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg during feritilizaton

A

Acrosome

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39
Q

Contains numerous mitochondria that supply the sperm with the energy it needs to migrate up the female reproductive tract

A

Middle piece

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40
Q

Flagellum whose beating, whip. Like movements propel the sperm forward

A

Tail

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41
Q

Whitish fluid contains Both sperm and the fluid secretions of the accessory glands

A

Semen

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42
Q

Two key qualities of sperm

A

Stickiness and alkalintiy

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43
Q

Male sexual response can be divided into four phases

A
  1. excitement
  2. plateau
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution
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44
Q

Visual, mental or physical stimulation

Parasympathetic nerves cause the artieries in the premise to relax and fill with blood

A

Excitement phase

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45
Q

Urethral sphincter contacts to prevent urine from mixing with semen
HR, BP and RR remain elevated

A

Plateau

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46
Q

Brief, intense reaction involves the ejaclation of semen

A

Orgasm

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47
Q

Two stages of orgasm

A
  1. Emission

2. Expulsion

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48
Q

Immediately following orgasm, sympathetic signals cause the artieries in the penis to constrict, reducing blood flow
The penis becomes flaccid

A

Resolution

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49
Q

Charged with carrying, nourishing and giving birth to infants
Housed within the abdominal cavity

A

Female reproductive system

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50
Q

The ovaries produce

A

Ova, female gametes

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51
Q

The accessory organs of the female reproductive system

A

Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

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52
Q

About the size and shape of almonds, sit on each side of the uterus where they produce both egg cells and sex hormones

A

Ovaries

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53
Q

Each ovary contains thousands of ovarian follicles that consist of an immature egg or oocyte surrounded by follicular cells

A

True

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54
Q

Because the Fallopian tubes do not attach to the ovaries the female reproductive tract is essentially an open system which injection can spread from the reproductive tract into the peritoneal cavity

A

True

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55
Q

4 inches long and extend from the ovary to the uterus

A

Fallopian tube or uterine the

56
Q

A muscular chamber that houses and nurtured a growing embryo

A

Uterus

57
Q

A muscular tube about 3 inches long serves as a receptacle for the penis and sperm, a route for the discharge of menstrual blood and the passageway for the birth of a baby

A

Vagina

58
Q

Outer layer of the uterus- serous membrane

A

Perimetrium

59
Q

Thick middle layer of the uterus, consists of smooth muscle that intracts during labor to expel the fetus from the uterus

A

Myometerium

60
Q

The innermost layer of the uterus where the embyro attaches

A

Endometrium

61
Q

External genitalia of the female reproductive system

A

Moms pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris and accessory glands = vulva

62
Q

As a result of stimulation by estrogen and progesterone, they lie over the pectoralis major muscle

A

Breasts

63
Q

Lobules that consist of clusters of tiny sac like ____ secrete milk during lactation

A

Acini

64
Q

The process through which a mature ovum is formed

A

OOGENESIS

65
Q

Menarche

A

Menstrutal cycle

66
Q

Centres on changes of the ovaries

A

Ovarian cycle

67
Q

Focuses on changes in the uterus

A

Menstrual cycle

68
Q

Which hormones is the ovarian cycle governed by

A

FSH and LH

69
Q

Which hormone is the menstrual cycle influenced by

A

Estrogen and progesterone

70
Q

Most breast cancers begin in the ducts and from there can spread to other organs

A

True

71
Q

How many days on average does the reproductive cycle last

A

28 days

72
Q

Female eggs that are surrounded by follicular cells and reach an early stage of meiosis before halting development

A

Oocytes

73
Q

Phases of th ovarian cycle

A
  1. last day of mensutration
  2. follicle phase
  3. ovulation
  4. luteral phase
  5. menstraution
74
Q

Low levels of estrogen and progesterone stimulate the hypothalmus to release GnRH
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

A

Last days of menstruation

75
Q

FSH triggers several follicles in the ovary to resume development
At least one makes it maturity which secrets estrogen
Migrates to the surface of the ovary triggering a spike in estrogen and LH

A

Follicular phase

76
Q

A mature follicle is called

A

Graafian follicle

77
Q

With the sudden spike of LH the follicle ruptures and is released into the ovum

A

Ovulation

78
Q

Follicle remains on the ovary and forms the corpus luteum
Secretes large amounts of progesterone and small amounts of estrogen
This causes the endometrium t continue to thicken and become more vascular
If fertilization doesn’t occur the corpus Luther degenerates into inactive scar tissue =corpus alibicans

A

Luteal phase

79
Q

Estrogen and progesterone level plummet causing the endometrium to slough off

A

Menstruation

80
Q

Which hormones drive the menstruation cycle?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

81
Q

Four phases of the menstruation cycle

A
  1. menstrual phase
  2. proliferative phase
  3. seceratory phase
  4. premenstrual phase
82
Q

First of noticeable vaginal bleeding, lasting 3-5 days

Shredding of the stratum functionalis

A

Menstrual

83
Q

When the menstruation ceases, only the base layer remains in the uterus
About day 6 rising levels of estrogen stimulates the repair of the base layer as well as the growth of blood vessels
6-14 days, increase in estrogen and growth of blood vessels

A

Proliferative

84
Q

After ovulation, increase in progesterone from the corpus lutuem causes the endometrium to thicken even more, perfect for a feritilized ovum

A

Secretory

85
Q

If fertilization doesn’t occur the corpus luteum atrophies and progesterone levels plummet
26-28 days

A

Premenstrual

86
Q

The first hormone secreted at the onset of puberty in both males and females

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

87
Q

Gametes are

A

Sex cells

88
Q

Until ejaculation, sperm are stored in the

A

Epididymis

89
Q

Where is testosterone produced

A

Interstitial cells of the testes

90
Q

Which organ supplies most of the fluid volume of semen

A

Seminal vesicles

91
Q

The surge in which hormone causes ovulation

A

LH

92
Q

An embyro attaches to which layer of the uterine wall

A

Endometrium

93
Q

Falling levels of which two hormones trigger menstruation

A

Estrogen and progesterone

94
Q

The structure that secrets progesterone during the last half of the ovarian cycle is

A

Corpus luteum

95
Q

Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by

A

Interfering with follicular development and ovulation

96
Q

How long is sperm viable within the f.p.s

A

6 days

97
Q

How long is the egg viable for

A

24 hours

98
Q

Where does feritilization typically occur

A

Distal third of the Fallopian tube

99
Q

When are women most fertile

A

During the period of time ranging from a few days before to 14 hours after ovulation

100
Q

Fertilized egg

A

Zygote

101
Q

This trimester lasts from conception through the first 12 weeks
The embyro is most suseceptible to toxins, stress,drugs and nutritional deficiencies

A

First trimester

102
Q

Ranges from week 13 through 24

Most organs are developed in this phase

A

Second trimester

103
Q

Lasts from week 25 to birth

A

Third trimester

104
Q

AFP

A

Alpha- fetoprotein

105
Q

High levels of AFP suggest

A

Neural tube defect in the developing fetus

106
Q

Low levels of AFP

A

Down syndrome

107
Q

The brain, spinal cord and heart begin to develop
GI tract beings to form
Tiny buds that become arms and legs are visible

A

Week 4

108
Q

What day does the heart start to beat

A

Day 22

109
Q 
The embyro is now a fetus
Eyes, ears, nose, lips, tongue and tooth bud take shape
Head is nearly the size of the body
Brain waves are detectable 
Arms and legs are recognizable 
Blood cells and major blood vessels form
A

Week 8

110
Q

Face is well formed
Arms are long and thin
Sex is distinguishable
Lie produces bile
Fetus swallows aminitoic fluid and produces urine
Eyes are well developed but eyelids are fused shut

A

Week 12

111
Q 
The scalp has hair
Lips begin sucking movements
Skelton in is visible
Heartbeat can be heard with a stethoscope
Kidneys are well formed
A

Week 16

112
Q

Fine hair (lanugo) and a substance called vernix caseosa protect the fetus skin
Fetal movement can be felt
Bails appear on fingers and toes

A

Week 20

113
Q

Fetus has startle reflex
Lungs being producing surfactant
Skin is wrinkled and translucent
Fetus gains weight rapidly

A

Week 24

114
Q

Eyes open and close
Respiratory system is capable of gas exchange
Testes begin to define
Brain develops rapidly

A

Week 28

115
Q

Amount of body fat increases rapidly

Bones are fully formed

A

Week 32

116
Q

Fetus is considered full term

A

Week 39 and 40

117
Q

The body systems that change during pregnancy

A
  1. dgestive system
  2. circulatory system
  3. resp system
  4. urinary system
  5. integuamentary system
  6. Uterus
118
Q

The process of giving birth is called

A

Parturition

119
Q

The onset of labour is a result of

A
  1. a decline is progesterone
  2. release of oxytocin
  3. uterine stretching
120
Q

Stages of labour

A
  1. Dilation
  2. expulsion
  3. placental stages
121
Q

First stage of labour
It’s lasts 6-18 hours
Key features are,
Cervical efferent and cervical dilation

A

Dilation of the cervix

122
Q

Second stage of labour
Full dilation of the cervix and ends when the baby is born
Lasts 30 to 60 min

A

Expulsion of the baby

123
Q

Final stage

Delivery of the afterbirth

A

Delivery of the placenta

124
Q

Changes that happen to a neonate after birth

A
  1. Cardiovascular
  2. respiratory
  3. immune system
  4. thermoregulation
  5. fluid balance
125
Q

A scoring system that I used to rate the neonates condition and determine the need for respiratory support

A

Apgar score

126
Q

The fertilized egg is at which stage when it implants in the uterus

A

Blastocyst

127
Q

How long can sperm remain viable within the female reproductive tract

A

As long as 6 days

128
Q

What is the significance of the embryonic disc?

A

It gives rise to the three germ layers

129
Q

Which is a function of the yolk sac

A

Secretes progesterone

130
Q

During the first two months of pregnancy what is the source of estrogen and progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

131
Q

During which stage of pregnancy is the developing fetus most vulnerable to toxins, stress and drugs and nutritional defcicinces

A

First trimester

132
Q

What is the function of the foremen ovale

A

Diverts blood from the right to the left atrium

133
Q

Fertilization normally occurs in the

A

Fallopian tube

134
Q

At which point is the product of conception called a fetus

A

After organs are formed

135
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the production of milk in the mammary glands

A

Prolactin

Anatomy & Physiology 165 (12 decks)

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