Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
Consists of both primary and secondary organs
A
Reproductive system
2
Q
Produce and house sex cells
A
Primary sex organs
3
Q
Provide route by which sex cells unite
A
Secondary sex organs
4
Q
Primary sex organs are called
A
Gonads
5
Q
Examples of gonads
A
Testes in male
Ovaries in female
6
Q
Sex cells produces by gonads
A
Gametes
7
Q
Examples of gametes are
A
Sperm in males
Eggs in female
8
Q
Encompass all other organs necessary for reproduction
A
Secondary sex organs
9
Q
Example of male secondary sex organ
A
System of ducts, glands and the penis
Charged with sorting and transporting sperm
10
Q
Example of secondary sex organ in females
A
- provide a location for the uniting of egg and sperm
- environment for nourishing a fertizilied egg
11
Q
Serves to produce, transport and introduce mature sperm into the female reproductive tract
A
Male reproductive system
12
Q
External portions of the male reproductive system
A
Penis and scrotum
13
Q
Inside the scrotum
Organs that generate sperm and secrete the male sex hormone
A
Testes
14
Q
Stead of convective tissue extending from the abdomen
It contains the sperm duct, blood and lympathetic vessels and nerves
A
Spermatic cord
15
Q
Tubules, spermatic ducts
A
Inside the testes
16
Q
Generate sperm
A
Tubules
17
Q
Sperm continue to mature as they follow the path through this part
A
Spermatic duct
18
Q
Tiny tubes which sperm are produced
Located in the tubule of the teste
A
Seminiferous tubules
19
Q
Cells that promote the development of sperm by supplying nutrients, removing waste and secreting the hormone inhibin
A
Sertoli cells
20
Q
A hormone that plays a role in maturation and release of sperm
A
Inhibin
21
Q
Cells that produce testosterone
A
Leydig cells
22
Q
A network of vessels that lead away from the seminiferous tubules and provide a location in which sperm partially mature
A
Rete testis
23
Q
Three sets of accessory glands in the male reproductive system
A
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral
24
Q
Secretes a thick, yellow is fluid into the ejaculatory duct
Located at the base of the bladder
A
Seminal vesicles
25
This gland sit just below the bladder where it encircles both the urethra and ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
26
Pea shaped gland
| Secrete clear fluid into the penile portions of the urethera during sexual arousal
Bulbourethral gland or Cowper's glands
27
Noncancerous enlargement is the prostate at about age 45 due to normal aging
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
28
The most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of death from cancer
Prostate cancer
29
Deposits sperm into the female vagina
Penis
30
Three cylinders of erectile tissue of the penis
Two corpus cavernosa
| corpus spoingiosum
31
What hormone is the onset of puberty marked by ?
Gonadotropin -releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalmus
32
These hormones promote enlargement of the testes which is the first sign of puberty
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
33
Increased production of testosterone also stimulates the development of these secondary sex characreritsics
- pubic, axaillary and facial hair
- darker and thicker skin
- increased activity of oil and sweat glands = body odour
- increased growth along with an increase in muscle mass
- deeeingin of the voice to larger larynx
34
Involves a process called meiosis to produce
Sperm
35
Each germ cell produces four sperm
True
36
Sperm formation
Spermatogensis
37
Contains the nucules of the sperm which is packed with genetic material
Head
38
Contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg during feritilizaton
Acrosome
39
Contains numerous mitochondria that supply the sperm with the energy it needs to migrate up the female reproductive tract
Middle piece
40
Flagellum whose beating, whip. Like movements propel the sperm forward
Tail
41
Whitish fluid contains Both sperm and the fluid secretions of the accessory glands
Semen
42
Two key qualities of sperm
Stickiness and alkalintiy
43
Male sexual response can be divided into four phases
1. excitement
2. plateau
3. orgasm
4. resolution
44
Visual, mental or physical stimulation
| Parasympathetic nerves cause the artieries in the premise to relax and fill with blood
Excitement phase
45
Urethral sphincter contacts to prevent urine from mixing with semen
HR, BP and RR remain elevated
Plateau
46
Brief, intense reaction involves the ejaclation of semen
Orgasm
47
Two stages of orgasm
1. Emission
| 2. Expulsion
48
Immediately following orgasm, sympathetic signals cause the artieries in the penis to constrict, reducing blood flow
The penis becomes flaccid
Resolution
49
Charged with carrying, nourishing and giving birth to infants
Housed within the abdominal cavity
Female reproductive system
50
The ovaries produce
Ova, female gametes
51
The accessory organs of the female reproductive system
Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
52
About the size and shape of almonds, sit on each side of the uterus where they produce both egg cells and sex hormones
Ovaries
53
Each ovary contains thousands of ovarian follicles that consist of an immature egg or oocyte surrounded by follicular cells
True
54
Because the Fallopian tubes do not attach to the ovaries the female reproductive tract is essentially an open system which injection can spread from the reproductive tract into the peritoneal cavity
True
55
4 inches long and extend from the ovary to the uterus
Fallopian tube or uterine the
56
A muscular chamber that houses and nurtured a growing embryo
Uterus
57
A muscular tube about 3 inches long serves as a receptacle for the penis and sperm, a route for the discharge of menstrual blood and the passageway for the birth of a baby
Vagina
58
Outer layer of the uterus- serous membrane
Perimetrium
59
Thick middle layer of the uterus, consists of smooth muscle that intracts during labor to expel the fetus from the uterus
Myometerium
60
The innermost layer of the uterus where the embyro attaches
Endometrium
61
External genitalia of the female reproductive system
Moms pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris and accessory glands = vulva
62
As a result of stimulation by estrogen and progesterone, they lie over the pectoralis major muscle
Breasts
63
Lobules that consist of clusters of tiny sac like ____ secrete milk during lactation
Acini
64
The process through which a mature ovum is formed
OOGENESIS
65
Menarche
Menstrutal cycle
66
Centres on changes of the ovaries
Ovarian cycle
67
Focuses on changes in the uterus
Menstrual cycle
68
Which hormones is the ovarian cycle governed by
FSH and LH
69
Which hormone is the menstrual cycle influenced by
Estrogen and progesterone
70
Most breast cancers begin in the ducts and from there can spread to other organs
True
71
How many days on average does the reproductive cycle last
28 days
72
Female eggs that are surrounded by follicular cells and reach an early stage of meiosis before halting development
Oocytes
73
Phases of th ovarian cycle
1. last day of mensutration
2. follicle phase
3. ovulation
4. luteral phase
5. menstraution
74
Low levels of estrogen and progesterone stimulate the hypothalmus to release GnRH
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
Last days of menstruation
75
FSH triggers several follicles in the ovary to resume development
At least one makes it maturity which secrets estrogen
Migrates to the surface of the ovary triggering a spike in estrogen and LH
Follicular phase
76
A mature follicle is called
Graafian follicle
77
With the sudden spike of LH the follicle ruptures and is released into the ovum
Ovulation
78
Follicle remains on the ovary and forms the corpus luteum
Secretes large amounts of progesterone and small amounts of estrogen
This causes the endometrium t continue to thicken and become more vascular
If fertilization doesn't occur the corpus Luther degenerates into inactive scar tissue =corpus alibicans
Luteal phase
79
Estrogen and progesterone level plummet causing the endometrium to slough off
Menstruation
80
Which hormones drive the menstruation cycle?
Estrogen and progesterone
81
Four phases of the menstruation cycle
1. menstrual phase
2. proliferative phase
3. seceratory phase
4. premenstrual phase
82
First of noticeable vaginal bleeding, lasting 3-5 days
| Shredding of the stratum functionalis
Menstrual
83
When the menstruation ceases, only the base layer remains in the uterus
About day 6 rising levels of estrogen stimulates the repair of the base layer as well as the growth of blood vessels
6-14 days, increase in estrogen and growth of blood vessels
Proliferative
84
After ovulation, increase in progesterone from the corpus lutuem causes the endometrium to thicken even more, perfect for a feritilized ovum
Secretory
85
If fertilization doesn't occur the corpus luteum atrophies and progesterone levels plummet
26-28 days
Premenstrual
86
The first hormone secreted at the onset of puberty in both males and females
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
87
Gametes are
Sex cells
88
Until ejaculation, sperm are stored in the
Epididymis
89
Where is testosterone produced
Interstitial cells of the testes
90
Which organ supplies most of the fluid volume of semen
Seminal vesicles
91
The surge in which hormone causes ovulation
LH
92
An embyro attaches to which layer of the uterine wall
Endometrium
93
Falling levels of which two hormones trigger menstruation
Estrogen and progesterone
94
The structure that secrets progesterone during the last half of the ovarian cycle is
Corpus luteum
95
Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by
Interfering with follicular development and ovulation
96
How long is sperm viable within the f.p.s
6 days
97
How long is the egg viable for
24 hours
98
Where does feritilization typically occur
Distal third of the Fallopian tube
99
When are women most fertile
During the period of time ranging from a few days before to 14 hours after ovulation
100
Fertilized egg
Zygote
101
This trimester lasts from conception through the first 12 weeks
The embyro is most suseceptible to toxins, stress,drugs and nutritional deficiencies
First trimester
102
Ranges from week 13 through 24
| Most organs are developed in this phase
Second trimester
103
Lasts from week 25 to birth
Third trimester
104
AFP
Alpha- fetoprotein
105
High levels of AFP suggest
Neural tube defect in the developing fetus
106
Low levels of AFP
Down syndrome
107
The brain, spinal cord and heart begin to develop
GI tract beings to form
Tiny buds that become arms and legs are visible
Week 4
108
What day does the heart start to beat
Day 22
109
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The embyro is now a fetus
Eyes, ears, nose, lips, tongue and tooth bud take shape
Head is nearly the size of the body
Brain waves are detectable
Arms and legs are recognizable
Blood cells and major blood vessels form
```
Week 8
110
Face is well formed
Arms are long and thin
Sex is distinguishable
Lie produces bile
Fetus swallows aminitoic fluid and produces urine
Eyes are well developed but eyelids are fused shut
Week 12
111
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The scalp has hair
Lips begin sucking movements
Skelton in is visible
Heartbeat can be heard with a stethoscope
Kidneys are well formed
```
Week 16
112
Fine hair (lanugo) and a substance called vernix caseosa protect the fetus skin
Fetal movement can be felt
Bails appear on fingers and toes
Week 20
113
Fetus has startle reflex
Lungs being producing surfactant
Skin is wrinkled and translucent
Fetus gains weight rapidly
Week 24
114
Eyes open and close
Respiratory system is capable of gas exchange
Testes begin to define
Brain develops rapidly
Week 28
115
Amount of body fat increases rapidly
| Bones are fully formed
Week 32
116
Fetus is considered full term
Week 39 and 40
117
The body systems that change during pregnancy
1. dgestive system
2. circulatory system
3. resp system
4. urinary system
5. integuamentary system
6. Uterus
118
The process of giving birth is called
Parturition
119
The onset of labour is a result of
1. a decline is progesterone
2. release of oxytocin
3. uterine stretching
120
Stages of labour
1. Dilation
2. expulsion
3. placental stages
121
First stage of labour
It's lasts 6-18 hours
Key features are,
Cervical efferent and cervical dilation
Dilation of the cervix
122
Second stage of labour
Full dilation of the cervix and ends when the baby is born
Lasts 30 to 60 min
Expulsion of the baby
123
Final stage
| Delivery of the afterbirth
Delivery of the placenta
124
Changes that happen to a neonate after birth
1. Cardiovascular
2. respiratory
3. immune system
4. thermoregulation
5. fluid balance
125
A scoring system that I used to rate the neonates condition and determine the need for respiratory support
Apgar score
126
The fertilized egg is at which stage when it implants in the uterus
Blastocyst
127
How long can sperm remain viable within the female reproductive tract
As long as 6 days
128
What is the significance of the embryonic disc?
It gives rise to the three germ layers
129
Which is a function of the yolk sac
Secretes progesterone
130
During the first two months of pregnancy what is the source of estrogen and progesterone
Corpus luteum
131
During which stage of pregnancy is the developing fetus most vulnerable to toxins, stress and drugs and nutritional defcicinces
First trimester
132
What is the function of the foremen ovale
Diverts blood from the right to the left atrium
133
Fertilization normally occurs in the
Fallopian tube
134
At which point is the product of conception called a fetus
After organs are formed
135
Which hormone is responsible for the production of milk in the mammary glands
Prolactin
