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Anatomy & Physiology 165 > Fluid, Electrolyte And Acid-base Balance > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte And Acid-base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What does homeostasis depend on in the body

A

The balance of water, electrolytes and pH

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2
Q

Inside the cell, the body’s water (about 65%)

A

Intercellular fluid (ICF)

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3
Q

Fluid that remains outside the cells (remaining 35%) body’s water

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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4
Q

Fluid between the cells inside the tissue, as well as the fluid within vessels as blood, plasma and lymph

A

Interstitial fluid

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5
Q

CSF, synovial fluid in the joints, vitreous and aqueous humours of the eye and digestive secretions

A

Transcellular fluid

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6
Q

What happens to water is the concentration is electrolytes of tissue rises

A

Water moves out of the cells and into the tissues

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7
Q

What happens if the osomlairty of the tissue fluid falls?

A

Water moves out of the tissues and into the cells.

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8
Q

The water made by the by-product of metabolic reactions

A

Metabolic water

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9
Q

How does a human intake fluid each day

A

Eating and drinking

Cells also produce water through metabolism

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10
Q

Fluid loss happens

A

Kidneys (urine)
Intestine (feces)
Skin (sweat as well as diffusion)
Lungs (expired air)

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11
Q

What makes up extracellular fluid

A
  • interstitial fluid
  • plasma
  • lymph
  • transcellular fluid
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12
Q

When blood volume and pressure are too high or blood osmolarity is too low, what hormone is inhibited and what happened

A

The hypothalamus inhibits ADH
This causes the renal tubules to reabsorb less water, leading to an increased urine output and a decline in total body water

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13
Q

Water happens when there is an abnormality in

  • fluid volume
  • fluid concentration
  • distribution of fluid between compartments
A

Water imbalance

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14
Q

Occurs when output exceeds intake over a period of time

A

Fluid deficiency

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15
Q

Two types of fluid deficiency are:

A
  1. volume depletion (hypovelmia)

2. dehydration

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16
Q

Results from blood loss or when both sodium an d water are lost (dirrahea)

A

Volume depletion

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17
Q

Results when the body eliminates more water than sodium. Consuming inadequate amounts of water to cover the amount of water lost

  • diabetes mellitus
  • use of diuretics
A

Dehydration

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18
Q

Fluid deficiency can lead to circulatory collapse due to blood loss volume

A

Hypovolemic shock

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19
Q

Causes of fluid excess

A

Renal failure

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20
Q

Occurs when someone consumes an excessive amount of water or if someone replaces heavy losses of water and sodium with just water

A

Water intoxication

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21
Q

When fluid accumulates in theinterstitial spaces causing tissues to swell

A

Edema

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22
Q

What does edema affect

A

Lungs, brain, legs

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23
Q

What can trigger edema

A
  • electrolyte imbalance
  • increased capillary pressure
  • decreased conentration of plasma proteins
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24
Q

Substances that break up into electrically charged particles called ions when dissolved in water

A

Electrolytes

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25
What functions do electrolytes play in the body
- drive chemical reaction - affect distribution of the body's water content - determine a cells electrical potential
26
Major cations of the body
- Na - K - Ca - H
27
Major anions of the body are
- Cl - HCO (bicarbonate) - P (phosphate)
28
A deficicency and excess of sodium in the blood is
-Hypo and Hyperatremia 136-146
29
A deficicency and excess of potassium in the blood is
Hypo and hyperkalemia 3.6 - 5.0
30
A deficicency and excess of calcium in the blood is
Hypo and hypercalcemia 8.8 - 10.3
31
A deficicency and excess of chloride in the blood is
Hypo and hyperchloremia 96 - 106
32
A deficicency and excess of phosphate in the blood is
Hypo and hyperphosphatemia 2.4 - 4.1
33
The main electrolyte in extracellular fluid, 90 % of its osmolarity
Sodium
34
Key functions that sodium plays
1. Determines the volume of total body water 2. influences how the body water is distributed between compartments 3. depolarization, critical for proper nerve and muscle function
35
Sodium levels are primarily regulated by aldosterone and ADH
TRUE
36
Plasma Na levels higher than 146 Indicates water deficit Excessive loss of body water ( severe diarrhea or use of diuretics) Self corrects itself (increase of thirst) Can cause edema, lethargy and weakness is not corrected
Hyperatremia
37
Refers to plasma sodium less than 139 Excess of body water Corrected by excretion of excess water Can cause in pulmonary or cerebral edema as fluid moves into cells
Hypoatremia
38
Chief cation of intercellular fluid and works hand-in-hand with sodium Crucial for proper nerve function and muscle function
Potassium
39
Can develop suddenly or over time | Can cause life threatening cardiac arrhythmia
Potassium imbalance
40
Plasma concentration above 5.0 May develop suddenly following a crush injury or severe burn May develop gradually from renal insufficiency Makes nerve and muscle cells irritable, leading to potential fatal cardiac arrhythmias
Hyperkalemia
41
Plasma concentration less than 3.5 Results from prolonged use of potassium wasting diuretics May result from chronic vomiting or diarrhea Results in muscle weakness, depressed reflexes and cardiac arrhythmias
Hypokalemia
42
Plays a key role in muscle contractions, nerve transmission, blood clotting Regulated by he parathyroid hormone which affects intestinal abosoroption and enhances the release from bones Cation that exists mostly outside the cell
Calcium
43
May results from hyperparathyroidism, hypo"" or alkalosis Inhibits a depolarization of nerve and muscles cells, leading to muscle weakness, depressed reflexes and cardiac arrhythmias
Hypercalcemia
44
May result from hypoparathyroidisim, hyper"""" acidosis or diarrhea Increase excitations of nerves and muscles, leading to muscle spasms and tetany
Hypocalcemia
45
Most abundant extracellular anion and is strongly linked to sodium Contributes to the formation or so tach axis and also helps regulate fluid balance and PH
Chloride
46
Participates in carbohydrate metabolism, bone formation, and acid-base balance
Phosphate
47
One of the most important factors influencing homeostatis in the Body's balance
Acids and bases
48
Normal ph of blood and tissues
7.35-7.45
49
The pH of a solution is determined by its concentration of
Hydrogen ions
50
Any chemical that releases H in solution is a
Acid
51
Any chemical that accepts H in a solution is a
Base
52
Strong scuds dissociate freely in solution that can makedly lower the pH of a solution
True
53
Strong bases have strong tendencies to bind with H, removing the H and raising the levels of pH
True
54
As the concentration of H ions increases the pH decreases and the solution becomes for acidic
True
55
These mechanisms keep acids and bases in balance. It resists changes in pH by converting a strong acid or base into a weak one
Buffers
56
Two catergories of buffers
1. Chemical | 2. physiological
57
Use a chemical to bind H and remove it from the solutions when levels rise too night and to release H when levels fall
Chemical buffers
58
Three main chemical buffers
1. bicarbonate 2. phosphate 3. protein
59
The main buffering system of extracellular fluid Uses bicarbonate and carbonic acid Reversible
Bicarbonate buffer
60
This enzyme, located in the RBC and kidney accelerates buffer system allowing them to occur at lightening speed
Carbonic anhydrase
61
Use respiratory and urinary systems to alter the output of acids, bases, co2 and in turn stabilizes pH
Physoloigical buffers
62
Death occurs when pH falls or rises above these values
6. 8 | 8. 0
63
The kidneys are the only buffer system that actually expels H ions from the body
True
64
An excess of carbonic acid results in
Acidosis
65
An excess in of bicarbonate results in
Alkalosis
66
Result from either an excess or deficiency of co2
Respiratory imbalance
67
Result from excess of deficiency of bicarbonate
Metabolic imbalance
68
Acidosis =
Hyperkalemia
69
Alkalosis =
Hypokalemia

Anatomy & Physiology 165 (12 decks)

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