Bone And Bone Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
How many bones in the adult human body
A
206
2
Q
Functions of bone in the body
A
-Support
-Shape
-Protection
-movement
-electrolyte balance
Blood production
Acid base balance
3
Q
Classification of bones
A
- long
- short
- irregular
- flat
4
Q
Have a very long axis
Longer than wide
Work like levers to move limbs
A
Long bones
5
Q
Examples of long bones
A
Femur of the thigh
Humerus of the arm
6
Q
Thin, flat, often curved bones that protect organs
Provide a large surface area for the attachment of muscles
A
Flat bones
7
Q
Examples of flat bones
A
Skull
The ribs
Breastbone(sternum)
Shoulder blades (scapulae)
8
Q
Clustered in groups and come in various sizes and shapes
A
Irregular bones
9
Q
Examples of irregular bones
A
-vertebrae
-facial bones
Seasamoid bones (kneecap)
10
Q
Broad as they are long and tend to be shaped like cubes
A
Short bones
11
Q
Examples of short bones
A
- carpal bones of the wrist
- tarsal bones of the ankle
12
Q
Key structures of the long bone
A
-epiphysis
-articulate caartilage
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
Red & yellow bone marrow
Diaphysis
Periosteum
13
Q
Inflammation of the bone and marrow, usually the result of a bacterial infection
A
Osteomyelitis
14
Q
Head of each end of the long bone
Strengthens the joint
Allows an expanded areas for attachedmnet of tendons and ligaments
Made of porous-looking spongy bone
A
Epiphysis
15
Q
Covering the surface of the epiphysis is a thin layer of hyaline cartliage
A
Articulate cartilage
16
Q
Central hollow portion
A
Medullary cavity
17
Q
Central shaft-like portion of the bone
Thick, compact bone makes up this hollow cylinder
Gives Bon the strength it needs to support a large amount of weight
A
Diaphysis
18
Q
Inside of the medullary cavity is lined with thin epithieal memebrane
A
Edosteum
19
Q
Dense fibrous membrane that covers the diaphysis
A
Periosteum
20
Q
Another word for bone
A
Osseous tissue
21
Q
Type of connective tissue that consists of cells, fibres, extracellular material and matrix
A
Bone
22
Q
Cells that bones include
A
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
23
Q
Helps form bone by secereting substances that comprise the bones matriz
A
Osteoblasts
24
Q
Dissolve unwanted or unhealthy bone
A
Osteoclasts
25
Mature osteoblasts that have become entrapped in the hardened bone matrix
Dual role
-some dissolve bone while others deposit new bone
Osteocytes
26
Consits of collagen fibres and crystalline salts (calcium and phosphate) is hard an calcified
Matrix
27
Collagen fibres in the matrix make bone highly resistant to stretching forces
Tensile strength
28
Calcium salts allow bones to resist strong squeezing forces
Compressional strength
29
Bone lacks the ability to endure twisting
Torsional strength
30
Types of bone tissue
- spongy bone
| - compact bone
31
Light, porous
Found at then ends of long bones and in the middle of most other bones
Always surrounded by more durable impact bone
Spongy bone
32
Dense, solid
Offers strength
Forms the salts of long bones and outer surfaces of other bones
Compact bone
33
The latticework of bone of spongy bone
| Design to add strength without adding weight
Trabeculae
34
Consits of an elaborate network of canals and passageways containing nerves and blood vessels
Compact bone
35
Concentric, onion-like rings in compact bone
Lamellae
36
Type of soft tissue that fills the medullary cavity of long bones as well as the spaces of spongy bones
Bone marrow
37
2 types of bone marrpw
Red and yellow bone marrow
38
Bone marrow charges with producing red blood cells
| Nearly all of child's bones contain this
Red bone marrow
39
Red marrow gradually replaced with fatty ______
No longer produces blood cells
In cases of severe, chronic blood loss or anemia it can change back to red marrow
Yellow marrow
40
Process of sartilage and fibrous connective tissue envolving into bone
Ossification
41
Areas of a newborn skull that still consits of fibrous connective tissue
Is completely ossified by age 2
Fontanels or soft spots
42
Begins when groups of stem cells in the tissue differentiate into osteoblasts
Clusters of osteoblasts deposit Martinez material and collagen
Calcium salts are deposited and the bone is calcified
Intramembranous ossification
43
Bones that go through intramembranous ossification
Skill and face
44
After about three months gestation, fetus' skeleton is mostly cartilage begins to turn into bone, beginning with long bones
Endochondral Ossification
45
Bone lengthening occurs at the epiphyseal plate
True
46
Destroying old bone
Resorption
47
Depositing new bone
Ossification
48
The process of destroying old bone and making new bone
Remodelling
49
The maintence of none density depends upon a balance between the work of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
True
50
Factors that effect bone growth and maintenance
- heredity
- Nutrition
- Hormones
- exercise
51
Condition in which bones lose so much mass that they become extremely brittle
Osteoporosis
52
A break in a bone
Fracture
53
Broken bones can be manipulated into thin poriginal position without surgery
Closed reduction
54
Surgery is needed to reposition the bones ( screws, pins or plates)
OPEN REDUCTION
55
One in which the bone remains aligned and the surrounding tissue intact
Simple fracture
56
Bone has pierced the skin
| Increased risk for infection
Compound
57
Fracture is incomplete
| Typically occurs in young children
Green stick
58
Bone is broken into pieces
| Most likely to occur in car accidents
Comminuted
59
Resulting from a twisting force
| Jagged ends often make this fracture difficult to realign
Sprial
60
Break in a diasesed or weakened bone
Pathologic
61
Most fractures occur because bones lack
Torsional strength
62
The head of long bone is called the
Epiphysis
63
The periosteum is crucial to bone survival because it
Contains blood vessels and bone forming cells
64
Which part of the bone produces blood cells
Red bone marrow
65
The type of bone found in the ends of long bones and in the centers of most other bones is
Cancellous bone
66
What effect does physical stress have on bone
It stimulates osteocytes to create new bone
67
A fetus' first skeleton s composed primarily of
Cartilage
68
What is the name of the basic structural unit of bone
Osteon
69
What is the name of a fracture in which the bone pierces the skin
Compound
70
Flat or rounded areas that allow for join formation
Articulations
71
Surface features of bones
- articulations
- projections
- depressions
- passages
72
Examples of articulations
- condyle
- facet
- head
73
Examples of projections
- crest
- epicondyle
- process
- spine
- trochanter
- tubercle
- tuberosity
74
Examples of depressions
-fossa
Fovea
Sulcus
75
Examples of passages
-canal
-fissure
-foramen
Meatus
Sinus
76
Axial Skelelton
Relates to the bodies axis ( midline)
77
Appendicular skeleton
Appendages ( arms and legs)
78
Axial Skeleton consists of ___bones
80
79
Appendicular skeleton consits of
126 bones
80
Skull has ____ irregular shaped bones
- 22
| 8 cranial and 14 facial
81
Bony structure housing the brain
Cranium
82
2 bones
| Joking together at the top of the head to form the top and sides of cranial cavity
Parietal bone
83
1 bone
| Forms the forehead and the roof of the eye sockets
Frontal
84
1 bone
| Forms the rear of the skull
Occipital
85
2 bones
Sides of the cranium and part of the cranium floor
Also contains the structures of the inner and middle ear
Temporal bone
86
An opening into the ear
External auditory meatus
87
A prominent lump behind the ear
Mastoid process
88
Cheekbone
Zygomatic arch
89
An attachment point for several neck muscles
Styloid process
90
Forms a key part of the cranial floor as well as the floors and side walls of the orbit
Sphenoid bone
91
Contributes to the walls of the orbits, the roof and walls of the nasal cavity and nasal speptum
Ethmoid bone
92
Skull joints join together at immovable joints
Sutures
93
The joint between the parietal bones and frontal bones
Coronal suture
94
Line between the parietal and occipital bone
Lambdoidal suture
95
Runs along the top edge of the temporal bone
Squamous suture
96
Joint between the right and left parietal bones
Sagittal suture
97
Large opening in the base of the skull that allows the spinal cord to pass through as it connects to the brainstem
Formane magnum
98
Functions of facial bones
Support teeth
Provided attachment point for muscles used in chewing and for facial expression
Form part of the nasal and orbital cavities
Face unique characteristics
99
2 bones
Meet to form the upper jaw
Form the foundation of the face
Every bone except the mandible articulates with this bone
Maxillae
100
2 bones
| Form the cheekbone and outer edge of the orbits
Zygomatic bone
101
The largest and strongest facial bone
Articulates with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Only facial bone that can move
Mandible
102
2 bones
| Paper thin bones that form part of the side wall of the orbit
Lacrimal
103
2 bones
| Rectangular bones for the bridge of the nose
Nasal bones
104
2 bones
| Conchae bones contribute to the nasal cavity
Inferior nasal conchae
105
1 bone
| Small bone forms the interior half of the nasal septum
Vomer
106
2 bones
| Form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the wall of the nasal cavity and paot of the orbit
Palatine bones
107
Bones that are associated with the skull but not part of it
- auditory ossicles
| - hyoid bone
108
3 auditory ossicles
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
109
U shaped bone that sits between the chin and the larynx
| Only bone that doesn't articulate with any other bone
Hyoid bone
110
Four pairs of sinuses
-frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
111
Two key ways an infants skull differs from an adult
Suture lines in the skull have not yet fused
| Contains fontanels
112
Two fontanels in the infants skull
Anterior and posterior
113
How many vertebrae in a vertebral column
33
114
Five sections of the vertebral column
1. cervical C1-C7
2. Thoracic T1-T12
3. Lumbar L1-L5
4. Sacrum S1 ( 5 fused)
5. Coccyx (4 fused)
115
A lateral curavatuve of the spine, most often in the thoracic region
Scoliosis
116
Exaggerated thoracic curvature
Hunchback or kyphosis
117
Exaggerated lumbar curvature
Lordosis
118
Characteristics of a vertebrae
- veretebral foramen ( passage for the spinal cord)
- body ( weight bearing portion)
- spinous process (projects posteriosly, bumps)
- transverse processes ( extend each side for muscles and ligaments)
119
Between each vertebrae
| Designed to support weight and absorb shock
Intervertebral disc
120
Most unique vertebrae
First two cervical vertebrae C1 and C2
| Atlas and axis
121
The role of the atlas or first vertebrae
Support the skull
122
Has a projection that allows the head to swivel side to side
Axis
123
What does the thoracic cage consist of
- thoracic vertebrae
- sternum
- ribs
124
Three regions of the sternum
1. manubrium
2. body
3. xiphoid process
125
Lower edges of the thoracic cage
Costal margins
126
How many pairs of ribs
12
127
What ribs are called true ribs
Ribs 1-7
128
How do ribs 1-7 attach to the sternum
Hyaline cartilage - costal
129
What ribs are called false ribs
Ribs 8,9,10
130
How do ribs 8-10 attach to the sternum
Attach to the cartilage of rib 7
131
Which ribs are called floating ribs
Ribs 11-12
132
Which bone is the most common broken bone in the body
Clavicle
133
Also called the should girdle, this supports the arms on each side of the body
Pectoral girdle
134
2 parts that make the pectoral girdle
Scapula and calvicle
135
Parts that the upper Limb consists of
-humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
136
Bones that make the hand
- phalanges
- metacarpals
- carpal
137
How many carpal bones form the wrist
8
138
Eight bones of the wrist
1. Trapezoid
2. Trapezium
3. capitate
4. hamte
5. triquetrum
6. pisiform
7. lunate
8. scaphoid
139
Mnemonic for wrist
Stop letting those people touch the cadavers hand
140
Two large bones of the hip
Ox coxae
141
Foundation of the pelvis
Pelvic girdle
142
Three bones that are fused together to make the pelvis
1. illium
2. ischium
3. pubis
143
The combination of the os coxae and sacrum is
Pelvis
144
The pelvis is divided into these two regions
Lesser and greater pelvis
145
Bones that consist of the Lower limb
Femur
Patella
Tibia and fibula
Foot
146
The longest and strongest bone of the body
Femur
147
Triangular sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the knee
Patella
148
Long slender and reside along the tibia
| Helps stabilize the ankle but does not bear any weight
Fibula
149
Bears weight
| "Shinbone"
Tibia
150
Second largest bone of the Taurus
Talus
151
The bone that forms your heel, bears much of the body's weight
Calcaneus
152
What bone is a facial bone
Vomer
153
Which bone forms the upper jaw
Maxillae
154
The bumps you feel when you run your hand down your spine
Spinous processes
155
What are ribs 8-12 called false ribs
These ribs do not attach to the anterior thoracic cage
156
What are the bonds processes called that can gelt at your wrist
Styloid processes of the radius and ulna
157
Which part of the ox Carole supports your body weight when sitting
Ishcial tuberoisty
158
Which bones does not support any weight
Fibula
159
The bone that forms the heel is the
Calanues
160
To form the hip joint the head of the femur rests in the q
Acetabulum
161
The pituitary gland rests in an indented area in which cranial bone
Sphenoid
162
Joints are also called
Articulations
163
These joints result when collagen fibres from one bone penetrate the adjacent bone, anchoring the bones in place
Fibrous joints or synarthroses
164
Examples of fibrous joints
Adult skull
165
Two bones are joined together by cartilage ad are slightly moveable
Cartilaginous joints or amphiarhtroses
166
Examples of catilaginous joints are
- two pubuic bones of the ox coxae joined together by symphysis
- intervertebral discs
167
Freely moveable joints and are the most numerous and versatile of all the bounds joints
Synovial or diarthoroses
168
Joints like the shoulder, knee and elbow contain small scars filled with synovial fluid called
Bursa
169
6 types of synovial joints
1. ball and socket
2. pivot
3. hinge
4. saddle
5. condyloid
6. gliding
170
Ball and socket joints
Shoulder and hip
171
Pivot joint
Dens of C2 and raidoulnar joint
172
Hinge joint
Elbow, knee, fingers and toes
173
Condylooid joint
Distal end of the radius with the carpal bones
| Joints at the base of the fingers
174
Saddle joint
Found only in thumbs
175
Gliding joint
Tarsal bones of the ankle and carpal bones of the wrist
176
The least movable joint is
Fibrous joint
177
Most of the joints in the body are
Synovial joints
178
Along with synovial joints, this structure permits friction free movement in synovial joints
Articulations cartilage
179
Which type of joint allows the head to rotate "no"
Pivot joint
180
The joint offered get the widest range of motion
Ball and socket
181
An extreme extension of a joint beyond its normal led straight postion
Hyperextension
182
Which joint is most likely to be dislocated
Shoulder
183
Which joint has a medial and lateral meniscus
Knee
184
What is rheumatoid arthitritis
An autoimmune disease
185
The rotator cuff is found in which joint
Shoulder
