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Anatomy & Physiology 165 > Bone And Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Bone And Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the adult human body

A

206

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2
Q

Functions of bone in the body

A

-Support
-Shape
-Protection
-movement
-electrolyte balance
Blood production
Acid base balance

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3
Q

Classification of bones

A
  • long
  • short
  • irregular
  • flat
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4
Q

Have a very long axis
Longer than wide
Work like levers to move limbs

A

Long bones

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5
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Femur of the thigh

Humerus of the arm

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6
Q

Thin, flat, often curved bones that protect organs

Provide a large surface area for the attachment of muscles

A

Flat bones

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7
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

Skull
The ribs
Breastbone(sternum)
Shoulder blades (scapulae)

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8
Q

Clustered in groups and come in various sizes and shapes

A

Irregular bones

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9
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

-vertebrae
-facial bones
Seasamoid bones (kneecap)

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10
Q

Broad as they are long and tend to be shaped like cubes

A

Short bones

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11
Q

Examples of short bones

A
  • carpal bones of the wrist

- tarsal bones of the ankle

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12
Q

Key structures of the long bone

A

-epiphysis
-articulate caartilage
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
Red & yellow bone marrow
Diaphysis
Periosteum

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13
Q

Inflammation of the bone and marrow, usually the result of a bacterial infection

A

Osteomyelitis

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14
Q

Head of each end of the long bone
Strengthens the joint
Allows an expanded areas for attachedmnet of tendons and ligaments
Made of porous-looking spongy bone

A

Epiphysis

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15
Q

Covering the surface of the epiphysis is a thin layer of hyaline cartliage

A

Articulate cartilage

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16
Q

Central hollow portion

A

Medullary cavity

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17
Q

Central shaft-like portion of the bone
Thick, compact bone makes up this hollow cylinder
Gives Bon the strength it needs to support a large amount of weight

A

Diaphysis

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18
Q

Inside of the medullary cavity is lined with thin epithieal memebrane

A

Edosteum

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19
Q

Dense fibrous membrane that covers the diaphysis

A

Periosteum

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20
Q

Another word for bone

A

Osseous tissue

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21
Q

Type of connective tissue that consists of cells, fibres, extracellular material and matrix

A

Bone

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22
Q

Cells that bones include

A

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

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23
Q

Helps form bone by secereting substances that comprise the bones matriz

A

Osteoblasts

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24
Q

Dissolve unwanted or unhealthy bone

A

Osteoclasts

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25
Q

Mature osteoblasts that have become entrapped in the hardened bone matrix
Dual role
-some dissolve bone while others deposit new bone

A

Osteocytes

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26
Q

Consits of collagen fibres and crystalline salts (calcium and phosphate) is hard an calcified

A

Matrix

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27
Q

Collagen fibres in the matrix make bone highly resistant to stretching forces

A

Tensile strength

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28
Q

Calcium salts allow bones to resist strong squeezing forces

A

Compressional strength

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29
Q

Bone lacks the ability to endure twisting

A

Torsional strength

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30
Q

Types of bone tissue

A
  • spongy bone

- compact bone

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31
Q

Light, porous
Found at then ends of long bones and in the middle of most other bones
Always surrounded by more durable impact bone

A

Spongy bone

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32
Q

Dense, solid
Offers strength
Forms the salts of long bones and outer surfaces of other bones

A

Compact bone

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33
Q

The latticework of bone of spongy bone

Design to add strength without adding weight

A

Trabeculae

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34
Q

Consits of an elaborate network of canals and passageways containing nerves and blood vessels

A

Compact bone

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35
Q

Concentric, onion-like rings in compact bone

A

Lamellae

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36
Q

Type of soft tissue that fills the medullary cavity of long bones as well as the spaces of spongy bones

A

Bone marrow

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37
Q

2 types of bone marrpw

A

Red and yellow bone marrow

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38
Q

Bone marrow charges with producing red blood cells

Nearly all of child’s bones contain this

A

Red bone marrow

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39
Q

Red marrow gradually replaced with fatty ______
No longer produces blood cells
In cases of severe, chronic blood loss or anemia it can change back to red marrow

A

Yellow marrow

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40
Q

Process of sartilage and fibrous connective tissue envolving into bone

A

Ossification

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41
Q

Areas of a newborn skull that still consits of fibrous connective tissue
Is completely ossified by age 2

A

Fontanels or soft spots

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42
Q

Begins when groups of stem cells in the tissue differentiate into osteoblasts
Clusters of osteoblasts deposit Martinez material and collagen
Calcium salts are deposited and the bone is calcified

A

Intramembranous ossification

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43
Q

Bones that go through intramembranous ossification

A

Skill and face

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44
Q

After about three months gestation, fetus’ skeleton is mostly cartilage begins to turn into bone, beginning with long bones

A

Endochondral Ossification

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45
Q

Bone lengthening occurs at the epiphyseal plate

A

True

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46
Q

Destroying old bone

A

Resorption

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47
Q

Depositing new bone

A

Ossification

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48
Q

The process of destroying old bone and making new bone

A

Remodelling

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49
Q

The maintence of none density depends upon a balance between the work of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

A

True

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50
Q

Factors that effect bone growth and maintenance

A
  • heredity
  • Nutrition
  • Hormones
  • exercise
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51
Q

Condition in which bones lose so much mass that they become extremely brittle

A

Osteoporosis

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52
Q

A break in a bone

A

Fracture

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53
Q

Broken bones can be manipulated into thin poriginal position without surgery

A

Closed reduction

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54
Q

Surgery is needed to reposition the bones ( screws, pins or plates)

A

OPEN REDUCTION

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55
Q

One in which the bone remains aligned and the surrounding tissue intact

A

Simple fracture

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56
Q

Bone has pierced the skin

Increased risk for infection

A

Compound

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57
Q

Fracture is incomplete

Typically occurs in young children

A

Green stick

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58
Q

Bone is broken into pieces

Most likely to occur in car accidents

A

Comminuted

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59
Q

Resulting from a twisting force

Jagged ends often make this fracture difficult to realign

A

Sprial

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60
Q

Break in a diasesed or weakened bone

A

Pathologic

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61
Q

Most fractures occur because bones lack

A

Torsional strength

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62
Q

The head of long bone is called the

A

Epiphysis

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63
Q

The periosteum is crucial to bone survival because it

A

Contains blood vessels and bone forming cells

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64
Q

Which part of the bone produces blood cells

A

Red bone marrow

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65
Q

The type of bone found in the ends of long bones and in the centers of most other bones is

A

Cancellous bone

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66
Q

What effect does physical stress have on bone

A

It stimulates osteocytes to create new bone

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67
Q

A fetus’ first skeleton s composed primarily of

A

Cartilage

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68
Q

What is the name of the basic structural unit of bone

A

Osteon

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69
Q

What is the name of a fracture in which the bone pierces the skin

A

Compound

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70
Q

Flat or rounded areas that allow for join formation

A

Articulations

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71
Q

Surface features of bones

A
  • articulations
  • projections
  • depressions
  • passages
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72
Q

Examples of articulations

A
  • condyle
  • facet
  • head
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73
Q

Examples of projections

A
  • crest
  • epicondyle
  • process
  • spine
  • trochanter
  • tubercle
  • tuberosity
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74
Q

Examples of depressions

A

-fossa
Fovea
Sulcus

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75
Q

Examples of passages

A

-canal
-fissure
-foramen
Meatus
Sinus

76
Q

Axial Skelelton

A

Relates to the bodies axis ( midline)

77
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Appendages ( arms and legs)

78
Q

Axial Skeleton consists of ___bones

A

80

79
Q

Appendicular skeleton consits of

A

126 bones

80
Q

Skull has ____ irregular shaped bones

A
  • 22

8 cranial and 14 facial

81
Q

Bony structure housing the brain

A

Cranium

82
Q

2 bones

Joking together at the top of the head to form the top and sides of cranial cavity

A

Parietal bone

83
Q

1 bone

Forms the forehead and the roof of the eye sockets

A

Frontal

84
Q

1 bone

Forms the rear of the skull

A

Occipital

85
Q

2 bones
Sides of the cranium and part of the cranium floor
Also contains the structures of the inner and middle ear

A

Temporal bone

86
Q

An opening into the ear

A

External auditory meatus

87
Q

A prominent lump behind the ear

A

Mastoid process

88
Q

Cheekbone

A

Zygomatic arch

89
Q

An attachment point for several neck muscles

A

Styloid process

90
Q

Forms a key part of the cranial floor as well as the floors and side walls of the orbit

A

Sphenoid bone

91
Q

Contributes to the walls of the orbits, the roof and walls of the nasal cavity and nasal speptum

A

Ethmoid bone

92
Q

Skull joints join together at immovable joints

A

Sutures

93
Q

The joint between the parietal bones and frontal bones

A

Coronal suture

94
Q

Line between the parietal and occipital bone

A

Lambdoidal suture

95
Q

Runs along the top edge of the temporal bone

A

Squamous suture

96
Q

Joint between the right and left parietal bones

A

Sagittal suture

97
Q

Large opening in the base of the skull that allows the spinal cord to pass through as it connects to the brainstem

A

Formane magnum

98
Q

Functions of facial bones

A

Support teeth
Provided attachment point for muscles used in chewing and for facial expression
Form part of the nasal and orbital cavities
Face unique characteristics

99
Q

2 bones
Meet to form the upper jaw
Form the foundation of the face
Every bone except the mandible articulates with this bone

A

Maxillae

100
Q

2 bones

Form the cheekbone and outer edge of the orbits

A

Zygomatic bone

101
Q

The largest and strongest facial bone
Articulates with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Only facial bone that can move

A

Mandible

102
Q

2 bones

Paper thin bones that form part of the side wall of the orbit

A

Lacrimal

103
Q

2 bones

Rectangular bones for the bridge of the nose

A

Nasal bones

104
Q

2 bones

Conchae bones contribute to the nasal cavity

A

Inferior nasal conchae

105
Q

1 bone

Small bone forms the interior half of the nasal septum

A

Vomer

106
Q

2 bones

Form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the wall of the nasal cavity and paot of the orbit

A

Palatine bones

107
Q

Bones that are associated with the skull but not part of it

A
  • auditory ossicles

- hyoid bone

108
Q

3 auditory ossicles

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
109
Q

U shaped bone that sits between the chin and the larynx

Only bone that doesn’t articulate with any other bone

A

Hyoid bone

110
Q

Four pairs of sinuses

A

-frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

111
Q

Two key ways an infants skull differs from an adult

A

Suture lines in the skull have not yet fused

Contains fontanels

112
Q

Two fontanels in the infants skull

A

Anterior and posterior

113
Q

How many vertebrae in a vertebral column

A

33

114
Q

Five sections of the vertebral column

A
  1. cervical C1-C7
  2. Thoracic T1-T12
  3. Lumbar L1-L5
  4. Sacrum S1 ( 5 fused)
  5. Coccyx (4 fused)
115
Q

A lateral curavatuve of the spine, most often in the thoracic region

A

Scoliosis

116
Q

Exaggerated thoracic curvature

A

Hunchback or kyphosis

117
Q

Exaggerated lumbar curvature

A

Lordosis

118
Q

Characteristics of a vertebrae

A
  • veretebral foramen ( passage for the spinal cord)
  • body ( weight bearing portion)
  • spinous process (projects posteriosly, bumps)
  • transverse processes ( extend each side for muscles and ligaments)
119
Q

Between each vertebrae

Designed to support weight and absorb shock

A

Intervertebral disc

120
Q

Most unique vertebrae

A

First two cervical vertebrae C1 and C2

Atlas and axis

121
Q

The role of the atlas or first vertebrae

A

Support the skull

122
Q

Has a projection that allows the head to swivel side to side

A

Axis

123
Q

What does the thoracic cage consist of

A
  • thoracic vertebrae
  • sternum
  • ribs
124
Q

Three regions of the sternum

A
  1. manubrium
  2. body
  3. xiphoid process
125
Q

Lower edges of the thoracic cage

A

Costal margins

126
Q

How many pairs of ribs

A

12

127
Q

What ribs are called true ribs

A

Ribs 1-7

128
Q

How do ribs 1-7 attach to the sternum

A

Hyaline cartilage - costal

129
Q

What ribs are called false ribs

A

Ribs 8,9,10

130
Q

How do ribs 8-10 attach to the sternum

A

Attach to the cartilage of rib 7

131
Q

Which ribs are called floating ribs

A

Ribs 11-12

132
Q

Which bone is the most common broken bone in the body

A

Clavicle

133
Q

Also called the should girdle, this supports the arms on each side of the body

A

Pectoral girdle

134
Q

2 parts that make the pectoral girdle

A

Scapula and calvicle

135
Q

Parts that the upper Limb consists of

A

-humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals

136
Q

Bones that make the hand

A
  • phalanges
  • metacarpals
  • carpal
137
Q

How many carpal bones form the wrist

A

8

138
Q

Eight bones of the wrist

A
  1. Trapezoid
  2. Trapezium
  3. capitate
  4. hamte
  5. triquetrum
  6. pisiform
  7. lunate
  8. scaphoid
139
Q

Mnemonic for wrist

A

Stop letting those people touch the cadavers hand

140
Q

Two large bones of the hip

A

Ox coxae

141
Q

Foundation of the pelvis

A

Pelvic girdle

142
Q

Three bones that are fused together to make the pelvis

A
  1. illium
  2. ischium
  3. pubis
143
Q

The combination of the os coxae and sacrum is

A

Pelvis

144
Q

The pelvis is divided into these two regions

A

Lesser and greater pelvis

145
Q

Bones that consist of the Lower limb

A

Femur
Patella
Tibia and fibula
Foot

146
Q

The longest and strongest bone of the body

A

Femur

147
Q

Triangular sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the knee

A

Patella

148
Q

Long slender and reside along the tibia

Helps stabilize the ankle but does not bear any weight

A

Fibula

149
Q

Bears weight

“Shinbone”

A

Tibia

150
Q

Second largest bone of the Taurus

A

Talus

151
Q

The bone that forms your heel, bears much of the body’s weight

A

Calcaneus

152
Q

What bone is a facial bone

A

Vomer

153
Q

Which bone forms the upper jaw

A

Maxillae

154
Q

The bumps you feel when you run your hand down your spine

A

Spinous processes

155
Q

What are ribs 8-12 called false ribs

A

These ribs do not attach to the anterior thoracic cage

156
Q

What are the bonds processes called that can gelt at your wrist

A

Styloid processes of the radius and ulna

157
Q

Which part of the ox Carole supports your body weight when sitting

A

Ishcial tuberoisty

158
Q

Which bones does not support any weight

A

Fibula

159
Q

The bone that forms the heel is the

A

Calanues

160
Q

To form the hip joint the head of the femur rests in the q

A

Acetabulum

161
Q

The pituitary gland rests in an indented area in which cranial bone

A

Sphenoid

162
Q

Joints are also called

A

Articulations

163
Q

These joints result when collagen fibres from one bone penetrate the adjacent bone, anchoring the bones in place

A

Fibrous joints or synarthroses

164
Q

Examples of fibrous joints

A

Adult skull

165
Q

Two bones are joined together by cartilage ad are slightly moveable

A

Cartilaginous joints or amphiarhtroses

166
Q

Examples of catilaginous joints are

A
  • two pubuic bones of the ox coxae joined together by symphysis
  • intervertebral discs
167
Q

Freely moveable joints and are the most numerous and versatile of all the bounds joints

A

Synovial or diarthoroses

168
Q

Joints like the shoulder, knee and elbow contain small scars filled with synovial fluid called

A

Bursa

169
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A
  1. ball and socket
  2. pivot
  3. hinge
  4. saddle
  5. condyloid
  6. gliding
170
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

Shoulder and hip

171
Q

Pivot joint

A

Dens of C2 and raidoulnar joint

172
Q

Hinge joint

A

Elbow, knee, fingers and toes

173
Q

Condylooid joint

A

Distal end of the radius with the carpal bones

Joints at the base of the fingers

174
Q

Saddle joint

A

Found only in thumbs

175
Q

Gliding joint

A

Tarsal bones of the ankle and carpal bones of the wrist

176
Q

The least movable joint is

A

Fibrous joint

177
Q

Most of the joints in the body are

A

Synovial joints

178
Q

Along with synovial joints, this structure permits friction free movement in synovial joints

A

Articulations cartilage

179
Q

Which type of joint allows the head to rotate “no”

A

Pivot joint

180
Q

The joint offered get the widest range of motion

A

Ball and socket

181
Q

An extreme extension of a joint beyond its normal led straight postion

A

Hyperextension

182
Q

Which joint is most likely to be dislocated

A

Shoulder

183
Q

Which joint has a medial and lateral meniscus

A

Knee

184
Q

What is rheumatoid arthitritis

A

An autoimmune disease

185
Q

The rotator cuff is found in which joint

A

Shoulder

Anatomy & Physiology 165 (12 decks)

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