Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
This system consists of a variety of glands and specialized cells throughout the body
A
Endocrine system
2
Q
Glands and cells secrete this chemical
A
Hormones
3
Q
Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
A
Endocrine glands
4
Q
Cells that have the receptor for a certain hormone
A
Target cells
5
Q
When an hormone acts only on cells with receptors specific to that hormone
A
Specificity
6
Q
Hormones can be a steriod or non steriod
A
True
7
Q
These hormones are synthesized from cholesterol
- they include male and female sex hormones as well as aldosterone
A
Steroid hormones
8
Q
Hormones that are synthesized by amino acids (protein-based) They can further be divided into: - protein hormone -peptide hormone -amino acid derivative hormone
A
Non steroid hormone
9
Q
Protein hormone
A
Insulin
10
Q
Peptide hormone
A
Antidiuretic hormone
11
Q
Amino acid derivative hormone
A
Epinephrine or norephrine
12
Q
The more receptors a target cell has the more sensitive it will be to a hormone
A
True
13
Q
A cascade of processes that result in the production of a second messenger
A
Second messenger system
14
Q
This gland exerts more influence on the body processes than any other endocrine gland
A
Pituitary gland
15
Q
A stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary
A
Infundibulum
16
Q
The larger of the two pituitary glands, consists of glandular tissue
- synthesizes and secrets a number of different hormones all under the direction of the hypothalmus
A
Anterior pituitary
17
Q
Stimulate the A.P. To secrete hormones
A
Releasing hormones
18
Q
Suppress hormone secretion by the a.p.
A
Inhibiting hormones
19
Q
The neutrons of the hypothalamus release their hormones into a system of blood vessles called
A
Hypophyseal portal system
20
Q
Tropic hormones
A
Most of the hormones produced and secreted by the A.P.
21
Q
These hormones stimulate other endocrine cells to release their hormones
A
Tropic hormones
22
Q
Examples of Tropic hormones of the Anterior pituitary
A
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (Thyrotropin)
- Prolactin
- Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
- Growth hormone (GH) somatotropin
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)
23
Q
Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones
A
TSH
24
Q
Acts on the entire body to promote protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrates metabolism and bone and skeletal muscle growth
A
Growth Hormone
25
Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands in females. In males, it makes the tests more sensitive to LH
Prolactin
26
Stimulates ovulation and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in females and the secretion of testosterone by the testes in males
LH - gonadotropin
27
One of the gonadotropins- stimaultes the production of eggs in the ovaries of females and sperm in the testes of males
FSH
28
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids
ACTH
29
A glandular tissue made up of neural tissue. Stores hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus.
Posterior Pituitary
30
Hormones stored by the posterior pituitary
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)
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31
Stimulates the uterus during childbirth and also triggers the release of milk fro, the breasts during lactation
Oxytocin
32
Acts on the kidneys to reduce urine volume and prevent dehydration
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also called vasopressin
33
Pituitary gland release hormones in phases or pulses
True
34
Two ways hormone secretion is controlled in the P.G.
1. CNS
| 2. Negative feedback
35
Gland that is tucked in the centre of the brain on the roofs of the brains third ventricle. It's tiny, cone-shaped
Pineal Gland
36
Hormone that the pineal gland secertes
Melatonin
37
Hormone that rises at night ( when sunlight is absent) and falls during the day
Melatonin
38
A disorder caused by low melantonin levels that create mood disorders, sleepiness, depression, irritability, carb cravings
SAD - Seasonal Affective Disorder
39
Hormone secreted by the thymus
Thymosin and thymopieitin
40
The largest endocrine gland, consisting of two lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue
Thyroid gland
41
Isthmus
Narrow band connecting the two lobes of the thyroid gland
42
What the thyroid tissue is made up of
Thyroid follicles
43
Each follicle is filled with thick fluid called
Thyroid colloid
44
Two main thyroid hormones that the sacs secrete
T3 and T4
| triiodothyronine & thyroxine
45
Thyroid hormone can store hormones for later use q
True
46
Effects the thyroid hormone has on the body
- increased rate and strength of heart contractions
- increased RR
- increased appetite
- growth and development
- promotes development of bone, NS, skin, hair, nails and teeth
47
Condition characterized by retarded growth and sexual development, low metabolic rate, mental retardation
Cretinism
48
Swelling and firmness of the skin
Myxedema
49
Autoimmune disorder, unexplained weight loss, increased heart rate, nervousness and exophthalmos
Graves' disease ( Hypersecretion of TH)
50
An enlarged thyroid gland due to a dire try deficiency of iodine
Simple goiter
51
Gland located posterior of the P.G
Parathyroid gland
52
What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete in response to low blood levels of calcium
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
53
the PTH exerts its influences of these body organs
Bone, kidneys and intestines
54
A hormone used in calcium homeostatis that has an antagonistic effect on the PTH
Calcitonin
55
Calcium deficiency
Hypocalcemia
56
Glands that perch ontop of each kidney
Adrenal glands
57
Two types of adrenal Glands
1. adrenal medulla (inner portion)
| 2. Adrenal cortex (outer portion)
58
Consists of modified neruons and functions as part of the sympathetic NS
Adrenal medulla
59
Is glandular tissue and secrets steroid hormone called corticosteriods
Adrenal cortex
60
Classes of hormones secreted by adrenal cortex
1. minerlocorticoids
2. Glucocorticoids
3. sex steroids
61
Prinicpal minerlocorticoid
Aldosterone
62
Targets the kidney, promotes Na retention and K excretion which leads to water retention
Aldosterone
63
Principal glucocorticoid
Cortisol
64
Targets most tissues, stimulates the breakdown of fat and protein and the conversion of far and protein to glucose, enhances tissue repair, anti-inflammatory , in large amounts inhibits the immune system
Cortisol
65
Main sex hormones
Testosterone and estrogen
66
Targets sex organs, promotes growth of pubic and auxiliary hair, sex drive
Adrenal androgens
67
Target sex organs, physiological insignificant
Adrenal estrogen
68
Hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal gland results in a collection of symptoms
Cushing syndrome
69
Cushing syndrome symptoms
-moon face
-buffalo hump
-hyperglycaemia
Muscle weakness
Edema
70
Hyposecretion of mineralocoritcoids and glucocorticoids occurs in a disorder called
Addison's disease - adrenal cortical insufficieny
71
Symptoms of Addison's disease
- loss of fluid and electrolytes
- weakness
- muscle wasting
- dehydration
- weight loss
72
This gland contains both endocrine and exocrine tissues
Pancreas
73
Pancreas contains these type of exocrine cells
Acini
74
Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas are called
Pancreatic isles or islet of Langerhans
75
Hormone secreted by Alpha cells
Glucagon
76
Hormone secreted by B cells
Insulin
77
Homornoes that delta cells secrete
Somatostatin
78
One of the most common endocrine disorders
Diabetes mellitus
79
Results from an inadequate amount of insulin or from a diminished number of normal insulin receptors
Diabetes
80
Disorder that results before age 30
- rapid
- deficiency of insulin resulting from the destruction of beta cells of the pancreatic islets
- could be caused by autoimmune disease
- tx: daily insulin injections
Type 1 diabetes (IDDM)
81
Disorder that onsets after age 40
- gradual
- loss of insulin receptors on target cells, leading to insulin resistance
- heredity combined with excess body weight and sedentary lifestyle
- oral diabetic medication or insulin injections
Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM)
82
What are some routine screenings for diabetes
- checking urine for glucose
| - three polys: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphasgia
83
Gonads are
Testes in the male and ovaries in females
84
Primary sex organ
Gonad
85
A hormone secreted by the heart when stretched by rising blood pressure
-lowers blood pressure
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
86
Hormone that the placenta secertes the help maintain a women's pregnancy
Estrogen, progesterone
87
Lipid molecules that are made by cells throughout the body and interstate the active of the cells
Prostaglandins
88
Roles that prostaglandins make:
- promote pain and fever
- vasodilators and constrictors
- involved in inflammation, blood clotting, uterine contraction, reproduction and digestion
89
What is a characteristic of exocrine gland?
Ducts carry their secretions to the body's surfaces
90
Which endocrine gland influences more body processes than any other endocrine gland?
Pituitary
91
A key difference between the A.P and the P.P glands are
Stores hormones released from the hypothalamus
92
Negative feedback is a process by which
A hormone is fed back to the pituitary, telling it to stop further release of that hormone
93
Cold temperatures are most likely to stimulate the release of which hormone by the anterior pitutiary
Thyroid- stimulating hormone
94
Following thyroid surgery, a patient is most at risk for which disorder
Hypocalcemia
95
To help the body cope with stress, the adrenal cortex secretes which class of hormones
Glucocorticoids
96
Which gland has more exocrine than endocrine tissue
Pancreas
97
The chief role of insulin is to
Stimulates cells to take up more glucose
98
A Hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood causes
Acromegaly
