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Anatomy & Physiology 165 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

This system consists of a variety of glands and specialized cells throughout the body

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

Glands and cells secrete this chemical

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine glands

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4
Q

Cells that have the receptor for a certain hormone

A

Target cells

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5
Q

When an hormone acts only on cells with receptors specific to that hormone

A

Specificity

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6
Q

Hormones can be a steriod or non steriod

A

True

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7
Q

These hormones are synthesized from cholesterol

- they include male and female sex hormones as well as aldosterone

A

Steroid hormones

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8
Q 
Hormones that are synthesized by amino acids (protein-based) 
They can further be divided into:
- protein hormone
-peptide hormone
-amino acid derivative hormone
A

Non steroid hormone

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9
Q

Protein hormone

A

Insulin

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10
Q

Peptide hormone

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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11
Q

Amino acid derivative hormone

A

Epinephrine or norephrine

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12
Q

The more receptors a target cell has the more sensitive it will be to a hormone

A

True

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13
Q

A cascade of processes that result in the production of a second messenger

A

Second messenger system

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14
Q

This gland exerts more influence on the body processes than any other endocrine gland

A

Pituitary gland

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15
Q

A stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary

A

Infundibulum

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16
Q

The larger of the two pituitary glands, consists of glandular tissue
- synthesizes and secrets a number of different hormones all under the direction of the hypothalmus

A

Anterior pituitary

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17
Q

Stimulate the A.P. To secrete hormones

A

Releasing hormones

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18
Q

Suppress hormone secretion by the a.p.

A

Inhibiting hormones

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19
Q

The neutrons of the hypothalamus release their hormones into a system of blood vessles called

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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20
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Most of the hormones produced and secreted by the A.P.

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21
Q

These hormones stimulate other endocrine cells to release their hormones

A

Tropic hormones

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22
Q

Examples of Tropic hormones of the Anterior pituitary

A
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (Thyrotropin)
  • Prolactin
  • Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
  • Growth hormone (GH) somatotropin
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)
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23
Q

Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones

A

TSH

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24
Q

Acts on the entire body to promote protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrates metabolism and bone and skeletal muscle growth

A

Growth Hormone

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25
Q

Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands in females. In males, it makes the tests more sensitive to LH

A

Prolactin

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26
Q

Stimulates ovulation and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in females and the secretion of testosterone by the testes in males

A

LH - gonadotropin

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27
Q

One of the gonadotropins- stimaultes the production of eggs in the ovaries of females and sperm in the testes of males

A

FSH

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28
Q

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids

A

ACTH

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29
Q

A glandular tissue made up of neural tissue. Stores hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus.

A

Posterior Pituitary

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30
Q

Hormones stored by the posterior pituitary

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)
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31
Q

Stimulates the uterus during childbirth and also triggers the release of milk fro, the breasts during lactation

A

Oxytocin

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32
Q

Acts on the kidneys to reduce urine volume and prevent dehydration

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also called vasopressin

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33
Q

Pituitary gland release hormones in phases or pulses

A

True

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34
Q

Two ways hormone secretion is controlled in the P.G.

A
  1. CNS

2. Negative feedback

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35
Q

Gland that is tucked in the centre of the brain on the roofs of the brains third ventricle. It’s tiny, cone-shaped

A

Pineal Gland

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36
Q

Hormone that the pineal gland secertes

A

Melatonin

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37
Q

Hormone that rises at night ( when sunlight is absent) and falls during the day

A

Melatonin

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38
Q

A disorder caused by low melantonin levels that create mood disorders, sleepiness, depression, irritability, carb cravings

A

SAD - Seasonal Affective Disorder

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39
Q

Hormone secreted by the thymus

A

Thymosin and thymopieitin

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40
Q

The largest endocrine gland, consisting of two lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue

A

Thyroid gland

41
Q

Isthmus

A

Narrow band connecting the two lobes of the thyroid gland

42
Q

What the thyroid tissue is made up of

A

Thyroid follicles

43
Q

Each follicle is filled with thick fluid called

A

Thyroid colloid

44
Q

Two main thyroid hormones that the sacs secrete

A

T3 and T4

triiodothyronine & thyroxine

45
Q

Thyroid hormone can store hormones for later use q

A

True

46
Q

Effects the thyroid hormone has on the body

A
  • increased rate and strength of heart contractions
  • increased RR
  • increased appetite
  • growth and development
  • promotes development of bone, NS, skin, hair, nails and teeth
47
Q

Condition characterized by retarded growth and sexual development, low metabolic rate, mental retardation

A

Cretinism

48
Q

Swelling and firmness of the skin

A

Myxedema

49
Q

Autoimmune disorder, unexplained weight loss, increased heart rate, nervousness and exophthalmos

A

Graves’ disease ( Hypersecretion of TH)

50
Q

An enlarged thyroid gland due to a dire try deficiency of iodine

A

Simple goiter

51
Q

Gland located posterior of the P.G

A

Parathyroid gland

52
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete in response to low blood levels of calcium

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

53
Q

the PTH exerts its influences of these body organs

A

Bone, kidneys and intestines

54
Q

A hormone used in calcium homeostatis that has an antagonistic effect on the PTH

A

Calcitonin

55
Q

Calcium deficiency

A

Hypocalcemia

56
Q

Glands that perch ontop of each kidney

A

Adrenal glands

57
Q

Two types of adrenal Glands

A
  1. adrenal medulla (inner portion)

2. Adrenal cortex (outer portion)

58
Q

Consists of modified neruons and functions as part of the sympathetic NS

A

Adrenal medulla

59
Q

Is glandular tissue and secrets steroid hormone called corticosteriods

A

Adrenal cortex

60
Q

Classes of hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

A
  1. minerlocorticoids
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. sex steroids
61
Q

Prinicpal minerlocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

62
Q

Targets the kidney, promotes Na retention and K excretion which leads to water retention

A

Aldosterone

63
Q

Principal glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

64
Q

Targets most tissues, stimulates the breakdown of fat and protein and the conversion of far and protein to glucose, enhances tissue repair, anti-inflammatory , in large amounts inhibits the immune system

A

Cortisol

65
Q

Main sex hormones

A

Testosterone and estrogen

66
Q

Targets sex organs, promotes growth of pubic and auxiliary hair, sex drive

A

Adrenal androgens

67
Q

Target sex organs, physiological insignificant

A

Adrenal estrogen

68
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal gland results in a collection of symptoms

A

Cushing syndrome

69
Q

Cushing syndrome symptoms

A

-moon face
-buffalo hump
-hyperglycaemia
Muscle weakness
Edema

70
Q

Hyposecretion of mineralocoritcoids and glucocorticoids occurs in a disorder called

A

Addison’s disease - adrenal cortical insufficieny

71
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease

A
  • loss of fluid and electrolytes
  • weakness
  • muscle wasting
  • dehydration
  • weight loss
72
Q

This gland contains both endocrine and exocrine tissues

A

Pancreas

73
Q

Pancreas contains these type of exocrine cells

A

Acini

74
Q

Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas are called

A

Pancreatic isles or islet of Langerhans

75
Q

Hormone secreted by Alpha cells

A

Glucagon

76
Q

Hormone secreted by B cells

A

Insulin

77
Q

Homornoes that delta cells secrete

A

Somatostatin

78
Q

One of the most common endocrine disorders

A

Diabetes mellitus

79
Q

Results from an inadequate amount of insulin or from a diminished number of normal insulin receptors

A

Diabetes

80
Q

Disorder that results before age 30

  • rapid
  • deficiency of insulin resulting from the destruction of beta cells of the pancreatic islets
  • could be caused by autoimmune disease
  • tx: daily insulin injections
A

Type 1 diabetes (IDDM)

81
Q

Disorder that onsets after age 40

  • gradual
  • loss of insulin receptors on target cells, leading to insulin resistance
  • heredity combined with excess body weight and sedentary lifestyle
  • oral diabetic medication or insulin injections
A

Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM)

82
Q

What are some routine screenings for diabetes

A
  • checking urine for glucose

- three polys: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphasgia

83
Q

Gonads are

A

Testes in the male and ovaries in females

84
Q

Primary sex organ

A

Gonad

85
Q

A hormone secreted by the heart when stretched by rising blood pressure
-lowers blood pressure

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

86
Q

Hormone that the placenta secertes the help maintain a women’s pregnancy

A

Estrogen, progesterone

87
Q

Lipid molecules that are made by cells throughout the body and interstate the active of the cells

A

Prostaglandins

88
Q

Roles that prostaglandins make:

A
  • promote pain and fever
  • vasodilators and constrictors
  • involved in inflammation, blood clotting, uterine contraction, reproduction and digestion
89
Q

What is a characteristic of exocrine gland?

A

Ducts carry their secretions to the body’s surfaces

90
Q

Which endocrine gland influences more body processes than any other endocrine gland?

A

Pituitary

91
Q

A key difference between the A.P and the P.P glands are

A

Stores hormones released from the hypothalamus

92
Q

Negative feedback is a process by which

A

A hormone is fed back to the pituitary, telling it to stop further release of that hormone

93
Q

Cold temperatures are most likely to stimulate the release of which hormone by the anterior pitutiary

A

Thyroid- stimulating hormone

94
Q

Following thyroid surgery, a patient is most at risk for which disorder

A

Hypocalcemia

95
Q

To help the body cope with stress, the adrenal cortex secretes which class of hormones

A

Glucocorticoids

96
Q

Which gland has more exocrine than endocrine tissue

A

Pancreas

97
Q

The chief role of insulin is to

A

Stimulates cells to take up more glucose

98
Q

A Hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood causes

A

Acromegaly

Anatomy & Physiology 165 (12 decks)

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