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Module 8 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is included with the male reproductive system?

A

testes
ducts
accessory glands
supporting structures

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2
Q

what is responsible for storing, transporting, and assisting in maturation of sperm?

A

ducts

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3
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

supporting structure from the testes consisting of loose skin and underlying subcutaneous layers handing from the root of the peni

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4
Q

what do the dartos muscles do?

A

allow the scrotum to become tight and wrinkled in appearance to reduce heat loss

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5
Q

what do the cremaster muscles do?

A

move testes up and down
help taste absorb heat

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6
Q

wat muscle does the cremaster muscle attach too?

A

internal obliques

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7
Q

what is spermatogonia?

A

stem cells present at puberty

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8
Q

what are seminiferous tubules?

A

tightly coiled ducts located in testes where sperm are produced

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9
Q

what are spermatogenic cells?

A

sperm forming cells

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10
Q

what are the sustentacular cells?

A

supporting cells in the seminiferous tubules that secrete fluid for supplying nutrients and hormones

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11
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

mauturation of spermatids into sperm

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12
Q

what are sperm cells?

A

mature male gamete

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13
Q

what are leydig cells?

A

secrete testosterone

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14
Q

how long does spermatogenesis take place?

A

67-75 days

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15
Q

how much sperm is made from spermatogenesis?

A

300million

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16
Q

what are the four steps to spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonia
meiosis
meiosis 2
spermiogensis

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17
Q

what is the final step of spermatogensis?

A

development of haploid sperm
no division, single sperm created

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18
Q

what hormones control the testes?

A

GnRH
LH
FSH

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19
Q

where does GnRH get secreted from?

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

where does LH and FSH get secreted from?

A

anterior pituitary

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21
Q

where does inhibit get release from?

A

sertoil cells

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22
Q

what four effects are produced by testosterone?

A

prenatal development
development of male sexual characteristics
development of sexual functions
stimulation of anabolism

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23
Q

what does the epididymis do?

A

site of maturation
help propel sperm
stores sperm

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24
Q

what does the ductus deferent do?

A

store sperm
delivers sperm from epididymis to urethra

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25
Q

what does the spermatic cord do?

A

supporting structure that ascends out of scrotum

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26
Q

what is found in the spermatic cord?

A

ductus deferens
blood vessels
nerves
lymphatic
cremaster muscle

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27
Q

what musles does the spermatic cord attach too?

A

internal obliques

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28
Q

what are the three accessory glands of the man?

A

seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral gland

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29
Q

what’s another name for the bulbourethral gland?

A

Cowper gland

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30
Q

what is semen a mixture of?

A

sperm and seminal fluid

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31
Q

what percent of sperm make up semen?

A

1%

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32
Q

what other things are found in the remaining 99% of sperm?

A

water
sugar
citric acid
enzymes
proteins
zinc etc

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33
Q

describe the following:
corpora cavernose
corpus spongiosum
glans penis

A

corpora cavernose : main penis
corpus spongiosum : the middle layer of the body that contains the spongy urethra and keeps the penis open
glans penis : slightly enlarged region on the distal end

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34
Q

what is the bulbospongiosus muscle responsible for?

A

found in the build and aids in ejection and assist in erection

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35
Q

what are muscles help maintain erection?

A

ischiocavernouse muscles

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36
Q

what ligament supports the weight of the penis that arises from the pubic symphysis?

A

suspensory ligament

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37
Q

what ligament supports to weight of the penis that arises form the inferior part of the line alba?

A

fungiform ligament

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38
Q

what fibres are present in erection?

A

parasympathetic fibers

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39
Q

what is produced when parasympathetic fibres activate during erection?

A

nitric oxide

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40
Q

what’s the powerful release of semen ?

A

ejaculation

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41
Q

what structures are involved with the female reproductive system?

A

ovaries
uterine
uterus
external organs
breasts

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42
Q

what are the female gonads that produce gametes after fertilization and hormone release?

A

ovaries

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43
Q

what is the broad ligament?

A

ligaments that attach the uterus to the ovaries by a double-layer fold of peritoneum and hold the ovaries in place

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44
Q

what ligament attaches the ovaries to the uterus?

A

ovarian

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45
Q

which ligament attaches the ovaries and uterus to the pelvic wall?

A

suspensory

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46
Q

what is the general name for oocytes in any stage of development?

A

ovarian follicles

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47
Q

what is the large fluid-filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel second oocytes?

A

mature follicle

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48
Q

what are the yellowish bodies in the ovary formed when a follicle has discharged?

A

corpus

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49
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

formation of a gamate

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50
Q

where would oogenesis take place?

A

ovaries

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51
Q

would women be able to produce oocytes?

A

no, once they’re born they cannot make more oocytes

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52
Q

compare the numbers of oocytes to spermatozoa.

A

women have 200,000 - 2m oocytes
40,000 oocytes at puberty
men will continue to produce sperm
400 oocytes will mature and ovulate
65-75 for male reproduction

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53
Q

the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte is called what?

A

ovulation

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54
Q

when does ovulation occur?

A

day 14-28 of the cycle

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55
Q

when is estrogen high in the women cycle?

A

last part of pre-ovulatory phase

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56
Q

what role does LH have in ovulation?

A

causes rupture of a mature follicle and expulsion of a secondary oocyte about 9 hours after peak LH levels

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57
Q

what is another name for Fallopian tubes?

A

uterine tubes

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58
Q

the route for sprem to reach an ovum and transport secondary oocytes and fertilized ova is what?

A

uterine tubes

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59
Q

define infundibulum

A

funnel-shaped portion of fallopian tubes

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60
Q

what are the finger-like projections at the end of the infundibulum?

A

fimbriae

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61
Q

list the three layers of the uterine tube

A

mucosa layer (inner)
muscular layer (middle)
serous membrane layer (outer)

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62
Q

what are peg cells?

A

nonciliated cells found in the mucosa layer of the uterine tubes

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63
Q

what happens when fimbriae are activated?

A

swathes swell with blood and hit off the ovary gently sweeping the ovum into the Fallopian tube

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64
Q

what is the function of the uterus?

A

pathway for term
implantation site for ovum
source of menstrual flow

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65
Q

what are the three parts of the uterus?

A

fundus
body
cervix

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66
Q

match the following:

broad ligament
uterosacral ligament
cardinal ligament
round ligament

connect pelvic wall to cervix and vagina
connects uterus to uterine tubes to labia majora
connect uterus to sacrum
attaches uterus to pelvic cavity

A

broad ligament = attaches uterus to pelvic cavity
uterosacral ligament = connect uterus to sacrum
cardinal ligament = connect pelvic wall to cervix and vagina
round ligament = connects uterus to uterine tubes to labia majora

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67
Q

what are the three layers to the uterus?

A

perimetrium (outer)
myometrium (middle)
endometrium (inner)

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68
Q

what makes up the cervical mucous?

A

water
glycoprotein
lipids
enzymes
inorganic salt

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69
Q

during the reproductive years, how many pls of cervical muscle does a woman secrete a day?

A

20-60mL

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70
Q

what works as a ‘plug’ to stop sperm physically?

A

cervical mucosa

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71
Q

where are the breast located?

A

covering generally ribs 2-6 spanning from the sternum

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72
Q

what are the lactiferous ducts?

A

a series of closely spaced openings of ducts within the breast tissue that milk emerges from

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73
Q

what is the coopers ligament?

A

strands of connective tissue that run between the skin and the fascia and supports the breast

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74
Q

what are the mammary glands?

A

modified sudoriferous gland that produces milk

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75
Q

how many lobes are found in the mammary glands?

A

15-20

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76
Q

what would the labia major be in men?

A

scrotum

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77
Q

what would the labia minora be in men?

A

spongy penile urethra

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78
Q

what would your clitoris be in men?

A

glans penis and corpora cavernose

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79
Q

what are the two long folds of the skins that contain large amounts of adipose tissue, sebaceous glands, etc?

A

labia majora

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80
Q

what are the two small folds of skin medial to the labia majora?

A

labia minora

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81
Q

what’s another name for bulbs of vestibule?

A

clitoral bulbs

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82
Q

what are your mucous-secreting glands?

A

paraurethral glands

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83
Q

what hormone inhibits contraction of muscles and increases flexibility if pubic synopsis / dilates cervix?

A

relaxin

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84
Q

what is the role of inhibin?

A

inhibits release FSH and lesser extent of LH

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85
Q

what does GnRH do?

A

controls the ovarian and uterine cycles

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86
Q

what hormone is responsible for ovulation?

A

LH

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87
Q

what hormone initiate follicular growth?

A

FSH

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88
Q

what things does estrogen do for the body?

A

promotes the development of female reproductive structures
increase protein anabolism
lower blood cholesterol levels
moderates estrogen levels

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89
Q

what are the phases of the reproductive cycle?

A

menstrual phase
preovulatory
ovulation
postovulatory

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90
Q

how long is the menstrual phase?

A

first 5 days of cycle

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91
Q

what happens to the ovaries in the menstrual phase?

A

FSH influences primordial follicles to develop into primary and then secondary follicles

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92
Q

what structure of the uterus does menstrual flow take place?

A

endometrium

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93
Q

how much menstrual flow occurs at a time?

A

50-150mL

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94
Q

is estrogen and progesterone high or low in the menstrual phase?

A

low

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95
Q

when does the preovulatory phase take place?

A

between menstruation ending and ovulation starting
6-13 days into the cycle

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96
Q

is estrogen secreted or inhibited in the preovulatory phase?

A

secreted

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97
Q

how large does the dominate follicle become before ovulation?

A

20mm

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98
Q

what happens to the endometrium in the preovulatory phase?

A

proliferation

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99
Q

what happens for the ovulation phase to begin?

A

rupture of the mature follicle and releasing the secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity

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100
Q

when does ovulation normally occur?

A

day 14

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101
Q

are estrogen levels high or low in ovulation?

A

high

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102
Q

when does the postovulatory ogees begin?

A

between ovulation and onset of next menses

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103
Q

what is the luteal phase?

A

when luteal cells prepare your body for pregnancy by thickening the uterus lining

104
Q

what happens when the oocyte is not fertilized?

A

the corpus lute will live for 2 more weeks

105
Q

what would happen if the oocyte is fertilized?

A

divide into the corpus lute persists past the 2 weeks life span and does not degenerate

106
Q

what happens to hormones when fertilization does not occur?

A

progesterone and estrogen decrease

107
Q

what is the range for the reproductive cycle?

A

24-35 days

108
Q

what four major things happen during fetal development in week one?

A

fertilization
cleavage
morula
blastocyst
implantation

109
Q

what is the event when genetic material from a haploid sperm cells and a haploid secondary oocyte merge?

A

fertilization

110
Q

how many sperm reach the secondary oocyte?

A

200

111
Q

what the name for a fertilized ovum?

A

zygote

112
Q

how long does fertilization generally take?

A

12-24 hours after ovulation

113
Q

what are the two layers a sperm must pass through to fertilize an egg?

A

corona radiate
zona pellucida region

114
Q

what is syngamy?

A

the process where a single nucleus develops from the nucleus of the term and the nucleus in a fertilized ovum

115
Q

what is polyspermy?

A

more then one sperm fuse

116
Q

when does the first cleavage occur?

A

24 hrs after fertilization

117
Q

when does the secondary cleavage take place?

A

on day two

118
Q

how many cells are made from the secondary cleavage?

A

4 in 2 days
16 by 3 days

119
Q

the solid sphere of cells is called?

A

morula

120
Q

where would blastocyst formation occur?

A

uterine cavity

121
Q

what are blastocyst?

A

the hallowed ball of cells containing the blastocele, the trophoblast, and the embryo blast

122
Q

what is the fluid secreted from the glands of the endometrium of the uterus and that is rich with glycogen?

A

uterine milk

123
Q

what are the cells that eventually develop into embryos?

A

inner cell mass

124
Q

what are trophoblast?

A

outer superficial layers of cells that form the sphere like all of the blastocyst

125
Q

on what day does blastocyst loosely attach to the endometrium?

A

6 days

126
Q

what hormones are associated with week 2 development?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin
progesterone
estrogen

127
Q

what does the amniotic fluid do?

A

shock absorber
regulate fetal body temp
prevent drying of the fetus
prevents adhesion between skin and surrounding tissue of fetus

128
Q

what does the yolk sack do?

A

supplies nutrients to the embryo during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of development

129
Q

what structure forms a part of the gut?

A

yolk sac

130
Q

what surrounds the embryo and later fetus?

A

chorion

131
Q

what does the chorion later on become?

A

part of the placenta

132
Q

In what ways does the chorion help the immune responses if the mom while pregnant?

A

secretes proteins that block antibody production
promotes the production of t lymphocytes
produces human chorionic gonadotropin

133
Q

when does gastrulation occur?

A

15 days after fertilization

134
Q

what is the cylinder of ells that plays the extremely important role of induction ?

A

notochord

135
Q

what is induction?

A

one tissue stimulates the development of an adjacent unspecialized tissue into a special one

136
Q

what is neurulation?

A

process by which the neural plates, neural folds, neural tubes and rest form

137
Q

what structure begins development of the nervous system?

A

neural plate

138
Q

what are the lateral edges of the neural plate that become elevated, occurring around he end of week 3?

A

neural folds

139
Q

what happens when the neural folds approach each other and fuse?

A

neural tube

140
Q

when does the head end of the enrol tube develop?

A

week 4

141
Q

at week 5, what happens to the neural tube?

A

forms the spinal cord

142
Q

when are somites present?

A

end of 5th week

143
Q

what are sclerotomes?

A

vertebra and ribs formation

144
Q

when does angiogenesis occur?

A

week 3

145
Q

when does the heart form?

A

day 18-19

146
Q

when does the heart beat for the first time?

A

end of 3rd week

147
Q

what are the two tissues of the placenta?

A

chorionic villi of chorion
decidua basalis of uterus

148
Q

when do all major body systems develop but function at minimal?

A

8th week

149
Q

what structures develop at five to eight weeks?

A

brain
neck and trunk
eyes open
tail shortens
limbs become distinct
the heart has four chambers
digits lose webbing
eyelids fuse
auricle of ears
external genitals

150
Q

what is the fetal period?

A

9th week until birth

151
Q

when can the mom feel movement?

A

17-20th week

152
Q

when can a fetus survive prematurely?

A

24 weeks old

153
Q

hat starts to grow in the fetal period?

A

finger and toe nails

154
Q

what are some changes to the mother during pregnancy?

A

weight gain
breast enlargement
low back pain
respiratory changes
cardiovascular changes
digestive changes
urinary changes etc

155
Q

how much can the uterus increase by full term?

A

60-80 to 900-1200 g

156
Q

what hormones causes contractions during labour?

A

oxytocin

157
Q

what happens to estrogen in labour?

A

it decreases progesterone, increases the number of receptors for oxytocin, and stimulates placenta to relax prostaglandins

158
Q

does estrogen increase or decrease during labour?

A

increased

159
Q

what is an example of a positive feed back system?

A

child birth
breast feeding

160
Q

what are the three stages of labour?

A

stage of dilation
stage of expulsion
placenta stage

161
Q

how longs the expulsion stage of labour?

A

10 minutes to hours

162
Q

what reduces the risk of hemorrhage during labour?

A

contractions

163
Q

what is lactation?

A

production of milk from mammary glands

164
Q

what hormones are responsible for lactation?

A

oxytocin
PRL

165
Q

what happens when the baby suckles on the nipple?

A

touch sensations send neurones impulses to the hypothalamus to increase oxytocin in blood.

166
Q

what is colostrum?

A

cloudy fluid that is secreted immediately after birth

167
Q

why is it important for the mother to breastfeed right after birth even if they choose not to breast feed?

A

colostrum contains antibodies that help build the fetus immune system for the first few months of life

168
Q

what things are considered causes or risk factors for cervical cancer?

A

link to HOV
early age sexual intercourse
smoking
multiple sex partners
promiscuous male partner
history of STI

169
Q

what are the early stages of cervical cancer?

A

poorly defined lesion
vagina bleeding abnormally
spotting or discharge

170
Q

what are some late stages of cervical cancer?

A

pelvic pain
back pain
radiating down the leg pain
hematuria
inguinal lymph node swelling

171
Q

what is the most easily cured cancer of females?

A

cervical cancer

172
Q

what is endometriosis?

A

the functional endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites outside the uterus

173
Q

what can cause endometriosis?

A

unknown

174
Q

what are some risk factors of endometriosis?

A

early menarche
short cycles
periods longer than normal
heavy flow
increased menstrual pain

175
Q

what is dsyapareunia?

A

pain before and after sex

176
Q

is there a cure for endometriosis?

A

no only relief

177
Q

what is pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

a polymicrobial infection of the upper reproductive tract

178
Q

what are the causes of pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

16-24 years of age
nulliparity
history of multiple sex partners
previous history of PID
IUD

179
Q

how do you treat PID?

A

antibiotics

180
Q

is ectopic pregnancy an emergency?

A

yes

181
Q

what is ectopic pregnancy?

A

fertilization outside the uterine cavity

182
Q

where do most ectopic pregnancies take place?

A

Fallopian tubes

183
Q

do ectopic pregnancy result in a live birth?

A

no

184
Q

what is the most common tumour found in the ovaries’s?

A

ovarian cyst

185
Q

what is the main source of cyst formation?

A

follicles fill with fluid and produce cyst

186
Q

what is a polycyctic ovary?

A

a common endocrine disorder characterized by varying degrees of menstrual irregularity, excessive male hormones and infertility

187
Q

what causes politic ovary syndrome?

A

genetic
begins in adolescence or utero

188
Q

what are the signs of polycyclic ovaries?

A

appearance change
menstruation problems
infertility
pelvic pain
cyst
cardiovascular disease
diabetes

189
Q

what is the second most common female cancer ?

A

ovarian cancer

190
Q

what are some risk factors for ovarian cancer?

A

less in women who bear children
high fat diet
family history
baby powders

191
Q

what are dysfunctional menstrual cycles?

A

menstrual bleeding is abnormal

192
Q

what can cause dysfunctional menstrual cycles

A

emotional stress
weight change
endocrine or metabolic disturbances
pregnancy
bleeding disorders
endometrial cancer etc

193
Q

what is the failure to menstrate?

A

amenorrhea

194
Q

what are the types of amenorrhea?

A

primary
secondary

195
Q

pain or discomfort with menstruation is called what?

A

dysmenorrhea

196
Q

what are the symptoms of dysmenorrhea?

A

pain 1-2 days before menses, peak on the first day and subside within several hours or days

197
Q

what is PMS?

A

premenstrual syndrome by mild or moderate physical and psychological symptoms

198
Q

what are the manifestations of PMS?

A

painful and swollen breast
bloating
pain in stomach
headache or back pain
altered hand writing
clumsiness etc

199
Q

inflammations of the breast that most frequently occurs at lactation is called?

A

mastitis

200
Q

what is fibroacdeoma ?

A

non cancerous tumors

201
Q

what is the most common female cancer?

A

breast

202
Q

what can leas to breast cancer?

A

increased age
sex
family history
hormonal
obesity
physical inactivity
alcohol intake etc

203
Q

what things can help us detect breast cancer?

A

mass or puckering of the nipple
retraction of nipple
discharge abnormal
thickening of skin
mammograms

204
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary infertility?

A

primary = no prior conception
secondary = one has already been pregnant before

205
Q

what are the following percentages of infertility:
men
female
combine
unknown

A

men 30-40%
female 30-40%
combine 30-40%
unknown 10-25%

206
Q

what are the risk factors of infertility in men?

A

azoospermia (absence of sperm)
oligospermia (decrease sperm)
asthenospermia (poor sperm mobility)

207
Q

what are the female factors involved with infertility?

A

ovulatory dysfunction
cervical mucous problems
uterine cavity abnormalites
tubal factors

208
Q

what is preeclampsia?

A

new onset of hypertension with proteinuria that develops last half of pregnancy

209
Q

what Is gestational hypertension?

A

blood pressure elevation that returns to normal after birth

210
Q

what is chronic hypertension?

A

elevated blood pressure before the 20th week mark

211
Q

what causes hypertension In pregnancy?

A

unknown

212
Q

what thing can help increase the chances of hypertension doing pregnancy?

A

the placenta

213
Q

what is the only cure for preeclampsia?

A

baby delivery

214
Q

what is ecplamisa?

A

seizures in pregnant women that sent related to a previous condition

215
Q

what is more dangerous preeclampsia or eclampsia?

A

eclampsia

216
Q

what makes clamps and gestational hypertension different?

A

eclampsia has protein in the urine
gestational can develop into eclampsia

217
Q

the twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis is called?

A

testicular torsion

218
Q

what is the most common scrotal disorder of young adults?

A

testicular torsion

219
Q

what does it mean when it says “extra-vagnial” causing (torsion)?

A

testicle and fascial tunicate that surrounds the structures rotates around the spermatic cord at a higher level during fetal or neonatal decent

220
Q

who is more likely to get extra vaginal torsion?

A

new born
less common

221
Q

what does it mean when it says “intra-vagnial” causing (torsion)?

A

when testis rotate on its long axis in the tunica vaginalis

222
Q

who is more likely to get intra vaginal torsion ?

A

8-18 year olds
more common

223
Q

what are the symptoms of testicular torsion?

A

testicle is higher then srcotum
swelling and redness
firm and tender
absent cremaster muscle

224
Q

testicular torsion is a surgical emergency, what is the success rate for the following:
detorsion in 6 hours
detorsion in 12 hours
detorsion in 24 hours

A

detorsion in 6 hours = 100%
detorsion in 12 hours = 80%
detorsion in 24 hours = 0%

225
Q

what is epididymitis?

A

inflammation of epididymis

226
Q

what is the function of the epididymis?

A

store, transport, and allow the maturation of sperm

227
Q

sexually transmitted and primary non sexually transmitted are types of what condition?

A

epididymitis

228
Q

when would you see epididymitis due to congenital urinary tract abnormalities?

A

prepubertal males

229
Q

what are some symptoms of epididymitis?

A

elevated WBC
chlamydial infections or gonorrhoeal infections
normal cremaster reflex
fever
dysuria

230
Q

what is orchitis?

A

infection of testes

231
Q

what are some treatments of orchitis?

A

7-10 days of symptoms
permanently sterile
un reversible in 30%

232
Q

what condition can lead to scrotal cancer?

A

inflammation testes

233
Q

what is the most common cancer in men 15-35 years of age but is rare for other ages?

A

testicular cancer

234
Q

what is the success rate for testicular cancer?

A

90%
after 5 years 95%

235
Q

water the three types of prostatitis?

A

acute bacterial
chronic bacterial
chronic prostatitis or pelvic pain

236
Q

what is the most common cause of acute bacterial prostatitis?

A

urinary tract infection
E.Coli

237
Q

what are the symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis?

A

fever
chills
malaise
myalgia
arthralgia
frequent urination
dull aching pain
cloudy urine
swelling of prostate

238
Q

where doe prostate cancer normally begin?

A

peripheral zones of prostate glands

239
Q

what are the symptoms of prostatic cancer?

A

symptomatic until the disease advances

240
Q

what is the best form of testing prostatic cancer?

A

PSA testing

241
Q

when should men get tested for prostatic cancer?

A

age 50 or above 45 epically with strong family history

242
Q

how does the grading work for PSA testing?

A

T1 = primary stage tumor
T2 = temper is palpable
T3 = extends beyond prostate
T4 = tumour push beyond the prostate and involves other structures

243
Q

wat is human paplomia virus?

A

genital warts or cauliflower lesions

244
Q

what are general herpes?

A

life-long infection of small pustules and vesicles

245
Q

Is there a cure for genital herpes?

A

no

246
Q

what condition gives a strawberry-like appearance?

A

trichomoniasis

247
Q

what causes chlamydial infection?

A

bacterial infection from sexual contact (unprotected)

248
Q

what are the different symptoms in men vs women with chlamydial?

A

women = urinary frequency, dysuria, vaginal discharge
men = urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis, infertility

249
Q

what causes gonorrhoea?

A

bacterial infection causing inflammation

250
Q

what are the stages of syphilis?

A

first stage: 3 weeks after exposure
second stage: 1 to 6 months or latent phase

251
Q

what condition leads to cold sores?

A

HSV1

252
Q

what condition leads to genital herpes?

A

HSV2

253
Q

what is another name for yeast infection?

A

candidiasis

254
Q

what is the most common STI?

A

chlamydial

255
Q

what condition is associated with gonorrhoea?

A

trichomoniasis

Module 8 (12 decks)

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