Reproductive System Flashcards
what is included with the male reproductive system?
testes
ducts
accessory glands
supporting structures
what is responsible for storing, transporting, and assisting in maturation of sperm?
ducts
what is the scrotum?
supporting structure from the testes consisting of loose skin and underlying subcutaneous layers handing from the root of the peni
what do the dartos muscles do?
allow the scrotum to become tight and wrinkled in appearance to reduce heat loss
what do the cremaster muscles do?
move testes up and down
help taste absorb heat
wat muscle does the cremaster muscle attach too?
internal obliques
what is spermatogonia?
stem cells present at puberty
what are seminiferous tubules?
tightly coiled ducts located in testes where sperm are produced
what are spermatogenic cells?
sperm forming cells
what are the sustentacular cells?
supporting cells in the seminiferous tubules that secrete fluid for supplying nutrients and hormones
what is spermiogenesis?
mauturation of spermatids into sperm
what are sperm cells?
mature male gamete
what are leydig cells?
secrete testosterone
how long does spermatogenesis take place?
67-75 days
how much sperm is made from spermatogenesis?
300million
what are the four steps to spermatogenesis?
spermatogonia
meiosis
meiosis 2
spermiogensis
what is the final step of spermatogensis?
development of haploid sperm
no division, single sperm created
what hormones control the testes?
GnRH
LH
FSH
where does GnRH get secreted from?
hypothalamus
where does LH and FSH get secreted from?
anterior pituitary
where does inhibit get release from?
sertoil cells
what four effects are produced by testosterone?
prenatal development
development of male sexual characteristics
development of sexual functions
stimulation of anabolism
what does the epididymis do?
site of maturation
help propel sperm
stores sperm
what does the ductus deferent do?
store sperm
delivers sperm from epididymis to urethra
what does the spermatic cord do?
supporting structure that ascends out of scrotum
what is found in the spermatic cord?
ductus deferens
blood vessels
nerves
lymphatic
cremaster muscle
what musles does the spermatic cord attach too?
internal obliques
what are the three accessory glands of the man?
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral gland
what’s another name for the bulbourethral gland?
Cowper gland
what is semen a mixture of?
sperm and seminal fluid
what percent of sperm make up semen?
1%
what other things are found in the remaining 99% of sperm?
water
sugar
citric acid
enzymes
proteins
zinc etc
describe the following:
corpora cavernose
corpus spongiosum
glans penis
corpora cavernose : main penis
corpus spongiosum : the middle layer of the body that contains the spongy urethra and keeps the penis open
glans penis : slightly enlarged region on the distal end
what is the bulbospongiosus muscle responsible for?
found in the build and aids in ejection and assist in erection
what are muscles help maintain erection?
ischiocavernouse muscles
what ligament supports the weight of the penis that arises from the pubic symphysis?
suspensory ligament
what ligament supports to weight of the penis that arises form the inferior part of the line alba?
fungiform ligament
what fibres are present in erection?
parasympathetic fibers
what is produced when parasympathetic fibres activate during erection?
nitric oxide
what’s the powerful release of semen ?
ejaculation
what structures are involved with the female reproductive system?
ovaries
uterine
uterus
external organs
breasts
what are the female gonads that produce gametes after fertilization and hormone release?
ovaries
what is the broad ligament?
ligaments that attach the uterus to the ovaries by a double-layer fold of peritoneum and hold the ovaries in place
what ligament attaches the ovaries to the uterus?
ovarian
which ligament attaches the ovaries and uterus to the pelvic wall?
suspensory
what is the general name for oocytes in any stage of development?
ovarian follicles
what is the large fluid-filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel second oocytes?
mature follicle
what are the yellowish bodies in the ovary formed when a follicle has discharged?
corpus
what is oogenesis?
formation of a gamate
where would oogenesis take place?
ovaries
would women be able to produce oocytes?
no, once they’re born they cannot make more oocytes
compare the numbers of oocytes to spermatozoa.
women have 200,000 - 2m oocytes
40,000 oocytes at puberty
men will continue to produce sperm
400 oocytes will mature and ovulate
65-75 for male reproduction
the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte is called what?
ovulation
when does ovulation occur?
day 14-28 of the cycle
when is estrogen high in the women cycle?
last part of pre-ovulatory phase
what role does LH have in ovulation?
causes rupture of a mature follicle and expulsion of a secondary oocyte about 9 hours after peak LH levels
what is another name for Fallopian tubes?
uterine tubes
the route for sprem to reach an ovum and transport secondary oocytes and fertilized ova is what?
uterine tubes
define infundibulum
funnel-shaped portion of fallopian tubes
what are the finger-like projections at the end of the infundibulum?
fimbriae
list the three layers of the uterine tube
mucosa layer (inner)
muscular layer (middle)
serous membrane layer (outer)
what are peg cells?
nonciliated cells found in the mucosa layer of the uterine tubes
what happens when fimbriae are activated?
swathes swell with blood and hit off the ovary gently sweeping the ovum into the Fallopian tube
what is the function of the uterus?
pathway for term
implantation site for ovum
source of menstrual flow
what are the three parts of the uterus?
fundus
body
cervix
match the following:
broad ligament
uterosacral ligament
cardinal ligament
round ligament
connect pelvic wall to cervix and vagina
connects uterus to uterine tubes to labia majora
connect uterus to sacrum
attaches uterus to pelvic cavity
broad ligament = attaches uterus to pelvic cavity
uterosacral ligament = connect uterus to sacrum
cardinal ligament = connect pelvic wall to cervix and vagina
round ligament = connects uterus to uterine tubes to labia majora
what are the three layers to the uterus?
perimetrium (outer)
myometrium (middle)
endometrium (inner)
what makes up the cervical mucous?
water
glycoprotein
lipids
enzymes
inorganic salt
during the reproductive years, how many pls of cervical muscle does a woman secrete a day?
20-60mL
what works as a ‘plug’ to stop sperm physically?
cervical mucosa
where are the breast located?
covering generally ribs 2-6 spanning from the sternum
what are the lactiferous ducts?
a series of closely spaced openings of ducts within the breast tissue that milk emerges from
what is the coopers ligament?
strands of connective tissue that run between the skin and the fascia and supports the breast
what are the mammary glands?
modified sudoriferous gland that produces milk
how many lobes are found in the mammary glands?
15-20
what would the labia major be in men?
scrotum
what would the labia minora be in men?
spongy penile urethra
what would your clitoris be in men?
glans penis and corpora cavernose
what are the two long folds of the skins that contain large amounts of adipose tissue, sebaceous glands, etc?
labia majora
what are the two small folds of skin medial to the labia majora?
labia minora
what’s another name for bulbs of vestibule?
clitoral bulbs
what are your mucous-secreting glands?
paraurethral glands
what hormone inhibits contraction of muscles and increases flexibility if pubic synopsis / dilates cervix?
relaxin
what is the role of inhibin?
inhibits release FSH and lesser extent of LH
what does GnRH do?
controls the ovarian and uterine cycles
what hormone is responsible for ovulation?
LH
what hormone initiate follicular growth?
FSH
what things does estrogen do for the body?
promotes the development of female reproductive structures
increase protein anabolism
lower blood cholesterol levels
moderates estrogen levels
what are the phases of the reproductive cycle?
menstrual phase
preovulatory
ovulation
postovulatory
how long is the menstrual phase?
first 5 days of cycle
what happens to the ovaries in the menstrual phase?
FSH influences primordial follicles to develop into primary and then secondary follicles
what structure of the uterus does menstrual flow take place?
endometrium
how much menstrual flow occurs at a time?
50-150mL
is estrogen and progesterone high or low in the menstrual phase?
low
when does the preovulatory phase take place?
between menstruation ending and ovulation starting
6-13 days into the cycle
is estrogen secreted or inhibited in the preovulatory phase?
secreted
how large does the dominate follicle become before ovulation?
20mm
what happens to the endometrium in the preovulatory phase?
proliferation
what happens for the ovulation phase to begin?
rupture of the mature follicle and releasing the secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity
when does ovulation normally occur?
day 14
are estrogen levels high or low in ovulation?
high
when does the postovulatory ogees begin?
between ovulation and onset of next menses
what is the luteal phase?
when luteal cells prepare your body for pregnancy by thickening the uterus lining
what happens when the oocyte is not fertilized?
the corpus lute will live for 2 more weeks
what would happen if the oocyte is fertilized?
divide into the corpus lute persists past the 2 weeks life span and does not degenerate
what happens to hormones when fertilization does not occur?
progesterone and estrogen decrease
what is the range for the reproductive cycle?
24-35 days
what four major things happen during fetal development in week one?
fertilization
cleavage
morula
blastocyst
implantation
what is the event when genetic material from a haploid sperm cells and a haploid secondary oocyte merge?
fertilization
how many sperm reach the secondary oocyte?
200
what the name for a fertilized ovum?
zygote
how long does fertilization generally take?
12-24 hours after ovulation
what are the two layers a sperm must pass through to fertilize an egg?
corona radiate
zona pellucida region
what is syngamy?
the process where a single nucleus develops from the nucleus of the term and the nucleus in a fertilized ovum
what is polyspermy?
more then one sperm fuse
when does the first cleavage occur?
24 hrs after fertilization
when does the secondary cleavage take place?
on day two
how many cells are made from the secondary cleavage?
4 in 2 days
16 by 3 days
the solid sphere of cells is called?
morula
where would blastocyst formation occur?
uterine cavity
what are blastocyst?
the hallowed ball of cells containing the blastocele, the trophoblast, and the embryo blast
what is the fluid secreted from the glands of the endometrium of the uterus and that is rich with glycogen?
uterine milk
what are the cells that eventually develop into embryos?
inner cell mass
what are trophoblast?
outer superficial layers of cells that form the sphere like all of the blastocyst
on what day does blastocyst loosely attach to the endometrium?
6 days
what hormones are associated with week 2 development?
human chorionic gonadotropin
progesterone
estrogen
what does the amniotic fluid do?
shock absorber
regulate fetal body temp
prevent drying of the fetus
prevents adhesion between skin and surrounding tissue of fetus
what does the yolk sack do?
supplies nutrients to the embryo during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of development
what structure forms a part of the gut?
yolk sac
what surrounds the embryo and later fetus?
chorion
what does the chorion later on become?
part of the placenta
In what ways does the chorion help the immune responses if the mom while pregnant?
secretes proteins that block antibody production
promotes the production of t lymphocytes
produces human chorionic gonadotropin
when does gastrulation occur?
15 days after fertilization
what is the cylinder of ells that plays the extremely important role of induction ?
notochord
what is induction?
one tissue stimulates the development of an adjacent unspecialized tissue into a special one
what is neurulation?
process by which the neural plates, neural folds, neural tubes and rest form
what structure begins development of the nervous system?
neural plate
what are the lateral edges of the neural plate that become elevated, occurring around he end of week 3?
neural folds
what happens when the neural folds approach each other and fuse?
neural tube
when does the head end of the enrol tube develop?
week 4
at week 5, what happens to the neural tube?
forms the spinal cord
when are somites present?
end of 5th week
what are sclerotomes?
vertebra and ribs formation
when does angiogenesis occur?
week 3
when does the heart form?
day 18-19
when does the heart beat for the first time?
end of 3rd week
what are the two tissues of the placenta?
chorionic villi of chorion
decidua basalis of uterus
when do all major body systems develop but function at minimal?
8th week
what structures develop at five to eight weeks?
brain
neck and trunk
eyes open
tail shortens
limbs become distinct
the heart has four chambers
digits lose webbing
eyelids fuse
auricle of ears
external genitals
what is the fetal period?
9th week until birth
when can the mom feel movement?
17-20th week
when can a fetus survive prematurely?
24 weeks old
hat starts to grow in the fetal period?
finger and toe nails
what are some changes to the mother during pregnancy?
weight gain
breast enlargement
low back pain
respiratory changes
cardiovascular changes
digestive changes
urinary changes etc
how much can the uterus increase by full term?
60-80 to 900-1200 g
what hormones causes contractions during labour?
oxytocin
what happens to estrogen in labour?
it decreases progesterone, increases the number of receptors for oxytocin, and stimulates placenta to relax prostaglandins
does estrogen increase or decrease during labour?
increased
what is an example of a positive feed back system?
child birth
breast feeding
what are the three stages of labour?
stage of dilation
stage of expulsion
placenta stage
how longs the expulsion stage of labour?
10 minutes to hours
what reduces the risk of hemorrhage during labour?
contractions
what is lactation?
production of milk from mammary glands
what hormones are responsible for lactation?
oxytocin
PRL
what happens when the baby suckles on the nipple?
touch sensations send neurones impulses to the hypothalamus to increase oxytocin in blood.
what is colostrum?
cloudy fluid that is secreted immediately after birth
why is it important for the mother to breastfeed right after birth even if they choose not to breast feed?
colostrum contains antibodies that help build the fetus immune system for the first few months of life
what things are considered causes or risk factors for cervical cancer?
link to HOV
early age sexual intercourse
smoking
multiple sex partners
promiscuous male partner
history of STI
what are the early stages of cervical cancer?
poorly defined lesion
vagina bleeding abnormally
spotting or discharge
what are some late stages of cervical cancer?
pelvic pain
back pain
radiating down the leg pain
hematuria
inguinal lymph node swelling
what is the most easily cured cancer of females?
cervical cancer
what is endometriosis?
the functional endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites outside the uterus
what can cause endometriosis?
unknown
what are some risk factors of endometriosis?
early menarche
short cycles
periods longer than normal
heavy flow
increased menstrual pain
what is dsyapareunia?
pain before and after sex
is there a cure for endometriosis?
no only relief
what is pelvic inflammatory disease?
a polymicrobial infection of the upper reproductive tract
what are the causes of pelvic inflammatory disease?
16-24 years of age
nulliparity
history of multiple sex partners
previous history of PID
IUD
how do you treat PID?
antibiotics
is ectopic pregnancy an emergency?
yes
what is ectopic pregnancy?
fertilization outside the uterine cavity
where do most ectopic pregnancies take place?
Fallopian tubes
do ectopic pregnancy result in a live birth?
no
what is the most common tumour found in the ovaries’s?
ovarian cyst
what is the main source of cyst formation?
follicles fill with fluid and produce cyst
what is a polycyctic ovary?
a common endocrine disorder characterized by varying degrees of menstrual irregularity, excessive male hormones and infertility
what causes politic ovary syndrome?
genetic
begins in adolescence or utero
what are the signs of polycyclic ovaries?
appearance change
menstruation problems
infertility
pelvic pain
cyst
cardiovascular disease
diabetes
what is the second most common female cancer ?
ovarian cancer
what are some risk factors for ovarian cancer?
less in women who bear children
high fat diet
family history
baby powders
what are dysfunctional menstrual cycles?
menstrual bleeding is abnormal
what can cause dysfunctional menstrual cycles
emotional stress
weight change
endocrine or metabolic disturbances
pregnancy
bleeding disorders
endometrial cancer etc
what is the failure to menstrate?
amenorrhea
what are the types of amenorrhea?
primary
secondary
pain or discomfort with menstruation is called what?
dysmenorrhea
what are the symptoms of dysmenorrhea?
pain 1-2 days before menses, peak on the first day and subside within several hours or days
what is PMS?
premenstrual syndrome by mild or moderate physical and psychological symptoms
what are the manifestations of PMS?
painful and swollen breast
bloating
pain in stomach
headache or back pain
altered hand writing
clumsiness etc
inflammations of the breast that most frequently occurs at lactation is called?
mastitis
what is fibroacdeoma ?
non cancerous tumors
what is the most common female cancer?
breast
what can leas to breast cancer?
increased age
sex
family history
hormonal
obesity
physical inactivity
alcohol intake etc
what things can help us detect breast cancer?
mass or puckering of the nipple
retraction of nipple
discharge abnormal
thickening of skin
mammograms
what is the difference between primary and secondary infertility?
primary = no prior conception
secondary = one has already been pregnant before
what are the following percentages of infertility:
men
female
combine
unknown
men 30-40%
female 30-40%
combine 30-40%
unknown 10-25%
what are the risk factors of infertility in men?
azoospermia (absence of sperm)
oligospermia (decrease sperm)
asthenospermia (poor sperm mobility)
what are the female factors involved with infertility?
ovulatory dysfunction
cervical mucous problems
uterine cavity abnormalites
tubal factors
what is preeclampsia?
new onset of hypertension with proteinuria that develops last half of pregnancy
what Is gestational hypertension?
blood pressure elevation that returns to normal after birth
what is chronic hypertension?
elevated blood pressure before the 20th week mark
what causes hypertension In pregnancy?
unknown
what thing can help increase the chances of hypertension doing pregnancy?
the placenta
what is the only cure for preeclampsia?
baby delivery
what is ecplamisa?
seizures in pregnant women that sent related to a previous condition
what is more dangerous preeclampsia or eclampsia?
eclampsia
what makes clamps and gestational hypertension different?
eclampsia has protein in the urine
gestational can develop into eclampsia
the twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis is called?
testicular torsion
what is the most common scrotal disorder of young adults?
testicular torsion
what does it mean when it says “extra-vagnial” causing (torsion)?
testicle and fascial tunicate that surrounds the structures rotates around the spermatic cord at a higher level during fetal or neonatal decent
who is more likely to get extra vaginal torsion?
new born
less common
what does it mean when it says “intra-vagnial” causing (torsion)?
when testis rotate on its long axis in the tunica vaginalis
who is more likely to get intra vaginal torsion ?
8-18 year olds
more common
what are the symptoms of testicular torsion?
testicle is higher then srcotum
swelling and redness
firm and tender
absent cremaster muscle
testicular torsion is a surgical emergency, what is the success rate for the following:
detorsion in 6 hours
detorsion in 12 hours
detorsion in 24 hours
detorsion in 6 hours = 100%
detorsion in 12 hours = 80%
detorsion in 24 hours = 0%
what is epididymitis?
inflammation of epididymis
what is the function of the epididymis?
store, transport, and allow the maturation of sperm
sexually transmitted and primary non sexually transmitted are types of what condition?
epididymitis
when would you see epididymitis due to congenital urinary tract abnormalities?
prepubertal males
what are some symptoms of epididymitis?
elevated WBC
chlamydial infections or gonorrhoeal infections
normal cremaster reflex
fever
dysuria
what is orchitis?
infection of testes
what are some treatments of orchitis?
7-10 days of symptoms
permanently sterile
un reversible in 30%
what condition can lead to scrotal cancer?
inflammation testes
what is the most common cancer in men 15-35 years of age but is rare for other ages?
testicular cancer
what is the success rate for testicular cancer?
90%
after 5 years 95%
water the three types of prostatitis?
acute bacterial
chronic bacterial
chronic prostatitis or pelvic pain
what is the most common cause of acute bacterial prostatitis?
urinary tract infection
E.Coli
what are the symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis?
fever
chills
malaise
myalgia
arthralgia
frequent urination
dull aching pain
cloudy urine
swelling of prostate
where doe prostate cancer normally begin?
peripheral zones of prostate glands
what are the symptoms of prostatic cancer?
symptomatic until the disease advances
what is the best form of testing prostatic cancer?
PSA testing
when should men get tested for prostatic cancer?
age 50 or above 45 epically with strong family history
how does the grading work for PSA testing?
T1 = primary stage tumor
T2 = temper is palpable
T3 = extends beyond prostate
T4 = tumour push beyond the prostate and involves other structures
wat is human paplomia virus?
genital warts or cauliflower lesions
what are general herpes?
life-long infection of small pustules and vesicles
Is there a cure for genital herpes?
no
what condition gives a strawberry-like appearance?
trichomoniasis
what causes chlamydial infection?
bacterial infection from sexual contact (unprotected)
what are the different symptoms in men vs women with chlamydial?
women = urinary frequency, dysuria, vaginal discharge
men = urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis, infertility
what causes gonorrhoea?
bacterial infection causing inflammation
what are the stages of syphilis?
first stage: 3 weeks after exposure
second stage: 1 to 6 months or latent phase
what condition leads to cold sores?
HSV1
what condition leads to genital herpes?
HSV2
what is another name for yeast infection?
candidiasis
what is the most common STI?
chlamydial
what condition is associated with gonorrhoea?
trichomoniasis
