questions answered wrong :( Flashcards
what joint articulates between the manubrium and sternal body?
manubriosternal joint
where is your sternal angle found?
2nd costal cartilages
what joint moves with rotational movements of the scapula?
sc
what two ligaments in the shoulder make up the coracoclavicular ligament?
coronoid and trapezoid ligaments
what boney landmark articulates with the radius on the humerus?
capitulum
what compartment of the hand houses the dorsal interossei muscles ?
central
where does the anterior intercostal artery branch off from?
internal thoracic artery
what muscle of the thenar group has a superficial and a deep head?
flexor pollicis brevis
where is the coracoid process located?
lat. 1/3 of clavicle
what back muscle is the deepest of the transverospinalis group?
rotators
what muscle runs from the laming of a vertebra to the spinous process of a vertebra 1-3 levels?
multifidus
where does the interchondral joint articulate?
6th - 9th ribs
what does the spring ligament do?
supports head of talus
attaches to the navicular and taler shelf
shifts the weight off the fore foot
what is the landmark for the short plantar ligament?
inferior surface of calcaneous
inferior surface of cuboid
what is the key stone of the medal longitudinal arch?
talar head
what muscles share a synovial sheath?
extensor digitorum
fibularis tertius
what ligament is intra capsular at the knee?
anterior cruciate ligament
what is a landmark for the posterior cruciate ligament
posterior intercondylar area of the tibia
what joint forms the mortise joint?
talocruel
how would you describe chemical synapses and how they receive signals?
a chemical synapses receives an electric signal, converts into a chemical one then back an electrical
what neurotransmitter functions at the neuromuscular junction?
acetylcholine
what landmark divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal?
lateral fissure
true or false
the cerebellum is important for conscious proprioception?
false
what does caffeine do for the RAS?
blocks A1 receptors
what happens for acetylcholine to be removed from the synaptic cleft?
acteylcholinesterases breaks down acetylcholine and the 2 portions reabsorb
what is responsible for triggering exocytosis of synaptic vesicles in the pre synaptic neurons?
Ca++
why is resting membrane potential in the nerve negative?
high number of anions phosphates and proteins
what is responsible for relaying motor output from the cerebral cortex to the pons and sensory input from the spinal cord to the thalamus?
midbrain
what area of the brain localizes pain and temperature?
thalamus
what is the correct boundary for the middle ear?
tympanic membrane to oval window
what receptor responses to rotational movements?
cristae
what area of the eye has the highest concentration of cones?
fovea centralis
what pathway has 1, 2, 3 order neurons that replay sensory somatic receptors to the brain?
somatic sensory
what nerve gives rise to the sural nerve?
common fibular
what is the deramtone for the gluteals?
S2
true or false
muscarine activates nictontinc cholinergic
false
what is the order of light pathways?
cornea
pupil
lens
retina
what nerve innervates buccinator?
CN 7
what makes us unaware of autonomic functions?
direct innervation to the brain and spinal cord
where does the brachial plexus run?
between 1st rib and clavicle
what disease cannot be asymptomatic and nor can be found with regular self examination?
fibrocystic disease
what is the primary symptom of ovarian cancer?
gastrointestinal discomfort and bloating
what struture delivers deoxygenated blood to the placenta?
umbilical arteries
what does bone develop from in fetal growth?
somatic mesoderm
what structures does the uterus fall between?
urinary bladder and rectum
what female cell contains diploid (2n) chromosomes?
primary oocyte
what region of the fallopian tube is fertilization occurring in?
ampulla
what substance is reasonable for stimulating uterine contractions?
prostaglandins
oxytocin
what male cell contains haploid (n) chromosomes?
spermatozoon
spermatogonia
describe hypovolemic shock?
shock that results from large scale loss of blood volume
what does glucocorticoids do for the body?
allows body to deal with stress by increasing glucose, fatty acids, and amino acid levels and enchanting blood pressure
inhibits white blood cell for inflammatory reponse
glucocorticoids lead to what hormone?
cortisol
what hormone in found in both men and women but strongly in men more?
androgens
how does calcium contribute to homeostasis?
increase PTH which will lead to an increase calcium concentration the blood
what is the role of angiotensin II?
stimulates contraction of smooth muscles
what does parathyroid hormone get controlled by?
reabsorption of calicum in the kidneys
what is the role of tyrosine ?
a portion of the thryglobin molecules that react with iodine molecules
how does oxytocin become released?
positive feed back systems
what does prolactin do?
maintains milk production and initiates
what female hormone is found in men as well?
estrogen
what are the two basic elements of connective tissue?
extracellular matrix and cells
what does areolar connective tissue contain?
collagen
elastic
reticular fibers
what is the purpose of translation?
convert RNA into DNA
where is osteoclast cells located?
deep folds in its membrane and increased surface area
is it true that all long bones are formed directly in the mesenchyme though intramembrane ossification?
false
does bone tissue replace cartilage?
no
what is the purpose of compact bony tissue?
contains osteons or haveris systems
what is the movement of a biaxial joint?
flexion
extension
abduct
adduct
circumduction
what is a pivot joint?
monoaxial
what causes fatigue where you feel tiredness?
central
what sustains smooth muscle?
slow removal of calcium
what is common between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
arranges in zones, dark and light bands and z disc
what is the somatic motor neurone and all skeletal muscles fibres stimulators?
motor units
what molecule is only found in muscles and supplies oxygen for ATP?
myoglobin
are actin-myosin filaments apart of the neuromuscular junction?
no
where does ATP bind during contraction?
myosin head
what forms a tendon?
extensions of deep basic that surround muscle
does sarcolemma surround fascia?
no
what does bone depend on for flexibility?
collagen fibers
what are the functions of the skeletal muscles?
protect
support
blood cell production
what is outer fibrous membrane?
consist of dense regular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum
what is glycocalyx?
molecular signature that enables cells to recognize one another
what contains hydrogen carbon nitrogen and oxygen?
proteins
what cell types makes up 90% of the epidermis?
keratinocytes
what cell is responsible for immune responses?
lymphocytes
what capillary is most common in the brain, lungs, skeletal, and smooth muscles?
continuous
what is fibre cartilage?
made of chondrocytes that scatter among bundles of collagen fibres
what are some examples of loose connective tissue?
reticular
areolar
adipose
what does dense irregular connective tissue do?
allows for pulling forces in many directions
what two compartments make connective tissue unique?
ground substances and fibres
what do cilia of epithelial tissue do?
movement of mucous
match ACU to its anti-codon of tRNA
UGA
what is gene expression?
genes DNA being used as a template for synthesizing proteins
what is phagocytosis an example of?
endocytosis
what forms a sugar outvoting around the cell membrane?
glycocalx
what is the process of proteins losing their shape?
denatured
what is used for protection, insulation and energy store in the body?
triglyceride
can you accurately asses conditions while full dressed?
no
what is common for post pregnant women to develop?
dogers hump
what is hautants test?
for dizziness/vertigo
what do you measure for leg length testing?
umbilicus to medial malleolus for shorten leg
what does a positive chovostek test indicate?
cranial nerve 7 lesion
where are bunions formed?
medial side of metatarsal bones
what is always an abnormal end feel?
capsular stretch
what spinal cord is activated by hitting the medial hamstring?
s1
what kind of force is applied for lateral collateral ligament testing?
medial force at the ankle
does the tracheal notch or fossa side anterior during flexion?
yes
what is necking?
decrease in tension will result in tissue rupture of the stress-strain curve
how does ice help with stretching?
minimizes soreness
what’s an important goal of AF rom?
prevent atrophy
what muscle stabilizes the spine with valsalva maneuvet?
transverse abdomis
what is the role of the supraspinous ligament?
limit forward spine flexion
what is common to have with hyperkyphosis?
TOS
how would you describe sitting on an exercise ball?
progression of homecare
does normal curves of the spine increase strength and resiliency?
yes
what does strength gains mean?
neural adaption
what direction does the proximal row of carpals go in flexion?
anterior
how would you stretch pec. major?
horizontal abduction
with 135 abduction
what is the deviation to the opposite side during maximal jaw opening a sign of?
anterior disc displacement
what JM would increase plantar flexion of talocrural joint?
anterior glide
where are renal lobes located?
medulla
what do the renal lobe consist of?
cortex
medulla
nerphons
what do podocytes do?
close filtration slits to reduce GFR
what do the major calyx receive urine from?
renal pelvis
what do the renal pyramids receive urine from?
minor calyx
what do parathyroid hormone affect?
distal convoluted tubule
what organ can release ANP?
heart
what does the parathyroid hormone do?
reabsorb Ca2+
what decreases GFR?
tubularglomerular feedback
atrial natriuretic peptide hormone
what mechanism occurs when stretch triggers contraction of smooth muscles?
myogenic mechanism
what does the PCT do?
reabsorbs nutrients like glucose amino acids and vitamins
what is responsible for eliminating wastes form the body and controlling blood pH?
tubular secretion
does ADH decrease reabsorption of water in blood vessels?
no
what forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the selectively permeable walls of the glomerular capillaries
blood pressure
what hormone enhances the reabsorption of Na and Cl in the nephron?
angiotensin II
antidiuretic hormone
what hormone releases from the adrenal cortex?
aldosterone
what happens with metabolic alkalosis?
elevation of plasma bicarbonate and increase of blood pH
what is infectious disease of the lower urinary tract ?
cystitis
what are the symptoms of kidney stones?
flank pain
vomitting
nausea
where is the parotid salivary gland?
anterior to the ear between the master muscle and overlying skin
does the stomach undergo carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyzes which form HCL in the lumen?
no
what exocrine gland secretes the digestive enzyme pepsinogen?
chief cells of stomach
what is the salivary gland responsible for?
found effective in the funds if it does not mix with gastric acid
what structure extends into to lumen of the small intestine and increases surface area?
microvilli
what is digested from salivary and pancreatic amylase?
carbohydrates
does the liver receive blood and bile flow in a parallel direction?
no
what happens to ingestion of meals high in fat?
bile would be released by the gall bladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum
what serves as a duct which pancreatic malaise arrives at the small intestine?
main pancreatic duct
accessory pancreatic ducts
hepatopancreatic ampulla
why is helicobacter pylorus a common cause of most chronic gastritis?
produces enzymes that interfere with gastric acidity
what is commonly associated crohns disease?
presence of skip lesions with cobblestone appearance
what membranous lining covers organ structures?
visceral and serosa layers
when making a surgical cut of lingual frenulum, what body part is this occurring in?
tongue
what portion of the peritoneum resembles a fatty apron?
greater omentum
what is the role of the pyloric sphincter?
separates the stomach from the small intestine
what is the role of emulsification?
used to amphipathic bile salt to breakdown large lipid globules into the small intestine
is the spleen apart of the retroperitneal?
no
what does the hepatic portal circulation do?
collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processes or storage
what carbohydrate is indigestible ?
cellulose
how does glucose move into body cells?
facilitated diffusion
what is the fate of pyruvic acid?
lactic acid and acetyl CoA
what stimulates gluconeogensis?
insulin
what reaction happens if the body requires ATP and stored glycogen?
glycogenolysis
what happens when the body in a post absorptive state?
energy must be met by fuels already on the body
does a decrease ketone bodies occur in fasted state?
no
what are some examples of insoluble fibre?
wheat
grains
vegatables
what does omega 3 fat do?
prevent blood clots and reduces heart disease
how much fruit and veggie serving should you have daily?
7-10
what happens when sugar and grains are refined?
incidence of cancer and diabetes increase
what is peristalsis?
waves of muscular movement that propel contents from one point to the other
what controls salivation?
sympatheic and parasympatheic
what does vitamin C do?
antioxidant
inactivates oxygen free radicals
what makes to portal triad?
hepatic artery
bile duct
portal vein
what type of cells is the least numerous in epidermal skin?
merkel cells
do apocrine (eecroine) sweat glands regulate body temperature and waste removal?
yes
describe ionic bonds
bonding of two ions with opposite charges
what kind of transport is the sodium-potassium pump?
primary active transport
what organic compound is carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous considered?
nucleic acids
what is the definition of endosteum?
joint structure that lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity
what is a fluid-filled system of membranous sacs that encircle each myofibril?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
what are actins?
main component of the thin filament in a sarcomere
what process provides 30-40 seconds of muscle activity?
anerobic cellular respiration
what is synthesized in the liver, kidney, and pancreas then transported to muscle fibers?
creatine
how are slow oxidative muscle fibres described?
least powerful fibers
what does the tendon sheath do?
form a closed sac around tendons to prevent friction of tendons
what structure is the distal and proximal portion of a bone?
epiphyses
what is a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the shaft and is responsible for lateral growth, repairing fractures and nourishing bone tissue?
periosteum
what stage of bone healing sees compact bone replacing spongy bone?
remodeling
what does transcription do?
produce a specific molecule of RNA
what is considered areolar connective tissue?
collagen and elastic fibers
does the kidney return ammonia, urea and bilirubin to the bloodstream?
no
what is the outer most covering of the kidney?
capsule
what area of the kidney is where the majority of the kidney’s glomeruli?
cortex
what cells form pedicles that encircle the glomerular capillaries?
podocytes
what does ADH do?
decrease urine volume
urine becomes more concentrated
acts on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption
does very low caloric intake decrease metabolic rate?
yeah
what disease is a thiamin deficiency?
beri beri
how does macrocytic anemia occur?
folic acid deficiency
how does anemia occur?
iron deficiency
what structure surrounds the 1st loop of the duodenum?
head of the pancreas
what is the shortest part of the small intestine?
duodenum
does blood glucose convert to fatty acids and stored in adipose tissue?
yes
does protein catabolism make ATP?
yes
what is the exchange of gas between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries?
external respiration
where does oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occur?
alveouls
does respiration occur in the terminal branches?
no
what is deep inhalation and deep exhalation utilize?
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
where does chloride shift occur?
internal respiration
what does carbon dioxide travel most abundantly through?
as bicarbonate ions
what airway is posterior to the oral cavity?
oropharynx
what does the cilia in the nasal cavity do?
trap dust-filled mucus
what is the interconnection of ventricles in the heart?
interventricular septum
what is erythropoiesis?
formation of red blood cells
what has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma?
O type blood
what does cytotoxic t cells do?
immune cells that directly terminate antigens
what happens when you lose self tolerance?
autoimmunity disease
describe acromegaly
average height
very prominent mandible
thick hands
prominent supraorbital ridges
thick subcutaneous tissue
what is the role of the prostate gland?
helps semen coagulate after ejaculation
what triggers labour?
oxytocin
loss of estrogen or progesterone
mechanical forces
when is the follicle at its largest?
preovulatory phase
how long does implantation occur?
6 days
what is the inner mast of blastocyst called?
embryo blast
when does organogenesis begin?
week 4
is dysmenorrhea considered normal in healthy women with no pathologies?
yes
does lactation have fats and irons which are absorbed in breast milk with higher sodium levels?
no
is it common to see urinary tract infections in women and men with STI infections?
yes
where does gas exchange of the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries occur?
external respiration
what is an exchange of gas between the atmosphere and lungs?
pulmonary ventilation
is the terminal bronchioles apart of the respiratory zone?
no
what is involved with deep exhalation?
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
what is henrys law?
the solubility of a gas in a liquid of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the subatnce over the liquid
what determines the direction of gas movement?
partial pressure
what does not affect the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin?
number of white blood cells
what is the primary function of the cerebral cortex when breathing?
allows voluntary alternation of our breathing patterns
describe gas exchange
movement of O2 into the tissue and waste product CO2 out of tissue
what is the voice box?
larynx
what is your windpipe?
trachea
what is directly posterior to the oral cavity?
oropharynx
describe the heart as a pump
only 1 pump but two sides that supply blood to the lungs and blood to the body simultaneously
what is anemia?
abnormally low platelet count
iron deficiency
what lines the outside of the heart?
epicardium
what happens when cells lose self tolerance?
autoimmunity develops
why do patients with pulmonary embolisms have very few and mild symptoms?
the lungs have redundant or collateral blood circulation
what is not implicated in deficient red blood cell production?
vitamin A
what tissue or organ is affected by tetralogy of fallot?
heart
what is bronchiectasis?
permanent dilatation of one or more bronchi placing pressure on others
true or false:
chronic inflammation triggers increased growth of alveoli to handle the demand of cell damage?
false
what happens to the body with emphysema?
hypertrophies along with shoulder elevation and expansion of the ribs
what is an example of type IV T cell-mediated hypersensitivity?
blood of an individual with contact dermatitis
why does someone with emphysema have pursed lips?
holds airway open and prevent collapsing of lungs or alveolar
describe HIV symptoms
fever
myalgia
sore throat
headache
rash
what condition leads to incompetent valves, venous stasis, congestion, and edema then thrombosis formation?
varicose veins
is wheezing normal with angina?
no
can the heart not adapt during heart failure by any means thus death occur within days?
no
what is when normal cells turn cancerous?
oncogenesis
what chemical agent is responsible for cancer development?
carinogen
is basal cell carcinoma a type of non-small cancer?
no
what is anorexia cachexia syndrome?
wasting disorder due to cancer growth
what is a risk factor for colon cancer?
ulcerative colitis
what type of cancer grows on areas that arent exposed to sun?
basal cell carcinoma
what promotes breast maturation and may increase the chance of cell mutuaion?
late menopause
no pregnancies
first child after 30
what is a common symptom of delirium?
agitation, disorientation and fearlessness
does the presence of a foreign material effect bone healing?
no
what stage of healing does procallus formation occur?
fibrocartilaginois callus formation
where are osteoclast found?
deep folds of membranes to increase surface area
what bone cell is unable to divide but is a mature cell that maintains daily metabolism of bone?
osteoclast
what is fused tetanus?
sustained contraction of muscle fiber due to rapidly repeating stimulate
what process do muscle cells utilize to make ATP?
aerobic cellular respiration
what does acetylcholine do?
binds receptors that open sodium channels on motor end plates
does ATP hydrolyze into amp creating energy for action potential?
no
does the cross bridge remain attach until ATP binds the head?
no
what stores calcium ions?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
what makes up DNA?
pentose sugar
phosphate group
4 nitrogenous base
is the cell membrane composed primarily of cholesterol?
no
what is pseudosquamous tissue?
cell nuclei lie at different levels and all cells do not reach an apical surface but all rest on the basement membrane
does epithelial tissue have the ability to produce electrical signals?
no
what cells are found in adsorption or secretion?
simple cuboidal epithelum
what are the three basic classes of tissue types?
muscle
nervus
epithelial
connective
what is the process of translation?
produce bodies of protein or specialize RNA
what is mRna do?
direct synthesis of protein
what solution will cause lysis of cells?
hypotonic solutions
do proteins of the membrane form amphipathic bilayer?
no
what is an example of a carbonhydrate?
glycogen
are ions apart of atoms?
no
what is the S phase?
phase of interphase where dna is replicated
does epithelial tissue have secretory surfaces that secrete products produced by cells?
no
what layer of skin is shed daily?
stratum corneum
does the integumentary system synthesis vitamin a?
no
does the nucleus produce ATP?
no
what is unable to diffuse easily past the cell membrane?
polar molecules
are synovial joints freely moveable?
yes
what are transverse tubules?
tiny invagination of the sarcolemma that tunnels in from the surface towards the center of muscle fibre
what is the functional unit of myofibrils?
sarcomere
what is the role of myosins?
form thick filament of sarcomeres
what holds the tropomyosin over the binding site?
troponin
what is the center of the sarcomere?
m line
what triggers calcium release channels to open during excitation to flood around the sarcomere?
propagation of a muscle action potential along sarcolemma
does acetylcholine formation create atp?
no
does atp control the release of actin and myosin cross bridge?
no
what is latent contraction?
sustained contraction of muscles fibers due to rapidly repeating stimulation with no relaxation
what are pericytes?
stem cells found in blood capillaries that can regenerate smooth muscle tissue
what allows bones to grow in length?
epiphyseal plates
what is not common to see with the exhaustion stage of G.A.S?
duration of this stage depends on the body innate to adapt and intensity of stressor
describe principle III
to practice with integrity and honestly in our professional relationships
would morals be considered illegal
what is moral is not always legal
who does principle III apply towards?
our clients
ourselves
colleagues
what are ethics?
rational mental exercise
what is the greatest happiness principle?
mill-utilitarianism
would accepting gratuities from clients be low risk relationship?
yes
what is not a factor needed to be considered before entering into a post-termination relationship?
fee of treatment
what are ethics based on?
personal feeling and individual intuitions
what is a bioethical dilemma?
a conflict of values, loyalties and obligations in which a choice has a good and bed element
is condemning other action plans if different then yours apart of ethical decision making?
no
what is ethnocentrism?
the belief in the superiority of one’s culture or cultural practice and conviction that they are necessary, normal and natural
is mastitis an indicator for massage?
no
what is involved with privacy?
the claim of individuals, groups or institutions to determine when, how and to what extent information about them is communicated to others
what is the massage therapy act?
scope of practice of massage therapist
is the duty of registrar responsible for sending out upcoming CEU courses?
no
what is required for sensitive areas?
spoken and written consent
who receives the invoice for payment of massage therapy?
private or personal health insurance of client
what is the sugar pill an example for?
placebo response
what is corporation?
separate legal entity and the ownership is transferable
what area of a business plan involves the mission statement?
executive summary
what is the purpose of medical-legal reports?
to help a judge or jury decide the amount of compensation for an injured person
what type of exercise is applied when a muscle is too painful to contract?
agonist contracture
what receptors are stimulated at the origin and insertion coming close together?
GTO
during chronic inflammation, what is the treatment goal?
restore ROM
what happens to muscle strength in regards to myofascial TP?
decreases muscle strength
where is GTOs located?
musculotendinous junction
where are muscle spindles located?
belly of muscle
is condemning other action plans if different then yours apart of ethical decisions making?
no
how much Epsom salt is used in a bath?
2 cups
what is hyperaemia?
accumulation of blood in the skin
is an imagination of pictures visualization or imagery practice?
visualization
does the therapist weight shift forward as performing long techniques?
yes
what is an example of rate?
stimulating or smooth effects
what is the plastic range?
permanent tissue deformation
what is necking?
point at which even a decease in tension will result in rupture
what is creep?
tissue deformation as a result of long duration stress application
what is acetaminophen?
pain killer
what type of connective tissue reduces heat loss through the skin, serves as an energy reserve, and supports and protects organs?
adipose tissue
what is the only contractile tissue in the body?
muscular
where does countercurrent occur?
loop of henle
does cilia hairs along the ureters protect against UTIs?
no
are minerals key for molecule metabolism?
no
they are needed for remodeling
what cells produce insulin?
islet of langerhan
are proteins used for ATP production?
no
what improves hemoglobin affinity?
low partial pressure of carbon dioxide
what is the diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide from the capillary into alveoli?
pulmonary gas exchange
what hormones are in the anterior pituitary gland?
somatotrophs = hGH
thyrotrophin = TSH
gonadotrophs = FSH / LH
lactotrophs = PRL
corticotrophins = ACTH
does the posterior pituitary gland produce hormones?
no, only store
where does oogenesis occur?
ovaries
what does oxytocin do?
stimulates breast to let down or eject milk
what does the chorion produce?
Human chorionic gonadotrpoins
what somite region develops into skeletal muscles of the limbs, trunk, and neck?
myotomes
what type of testicular torsion occurs in newborns?
extravaginal
what is a PSA blood test used for?
screening prostate cancer
what is a predispose factor of pelvic inflammatory disease?
women with multiple sex partners
what triggers ADH?
decrease in blood volume resulting in high sodium levels
