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Module 8 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what two systems work together to coordinate the function of all body systems?

A

nervous and endocrine systems

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2
Q

how would you describe the time for the endocrine system to take action?

A

seconds to hours / longer then nervous system

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3
Q

is the endocrine a slower response or faster?

A

slower

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4
Q

how do mediator molecules of the endocrine system travel or communicate?

A

via bloodstream

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5
Q

what are the target cells of the endocrine system?

A

all cell types

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6
Q

what is the definition of a hormone?

A

a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the Body but regulates the activity of other part of the body

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7
Q

what are the exocrine glands responsible for?

A

products are created and secreted into the ducts that carry the secretion to then body structures
(leaving the body via ducts)

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8
Q

what are the endocrine glands?

A

products are secreted into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cell receptors rather then ducts
(no ducts)

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9
Q

what things are considered endocrine glands?

A

pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal gland
pineal gland

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10
Q

where is the thymus located?

A

above the heart

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11
Q

how do hormones influence cells?

A

chemical binding to protein receptor

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12
Q

what is down regulation?

A

makes a target cell less sensitive to hormones when targeting cell receptors are decrease

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13
Q

what is up regulation?

A

miles target cells more sensitive when an increase of hormone is present

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14
Q

what are most endocrine hormones considered?

A

circulating

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15
Q

what inactivates the circulating hormones?

A

liver

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16
Q

what excretes circulating hormones?

A

kidneys

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17
Q

what happens to someone with kidney failure with circulating hormones?

A

excessive hormone build up in the blood

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18
Q

what are local hormones?

A

act on neighbouring cells or the same cell

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19
Q

describe the paracrine hormones

A

local hormones that act on neighbouring cells

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20
Q

describe autocrine hormones

A

local hormones that act on cells that they’ve secreted from

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21
Q

what are the three classes of lipid hormones?

A

steroid
thyroid
gas

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22
Q

what are the three classes of water-soluble hormones?

A

amines
peptides and proteins
eicosanoids

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23
Q

what are the three functions of transport proteins?

A

males lipid soluble hormones temporarily soluble in water
slow passage of small hormones into the kidneys
provides ready reverse hormones

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24
Q

what percent of are not bounded to transport proteins?

A

0.1-10%

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25
Q

what are the none bounded proteins to transport proteins called?

A

free fractions

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26
Q

what happens with loss of free fractions?

A

they become replicated into new hormones to replenish the loss free fraction

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27
Q

what things are considered normal to response of hormones?

A

synthesis
changing of plasma membrane
stimulating transport
alters metabolic rate
contraction of smooth muscles or cardiac

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28
Q

what must happen for a lipid-soluble hormone to bind?

A

must bonded inside the target cell before any response can occur

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29
Q

what must happen for a water soluble hormone to bind

A

binding to the plasma membrane of target cell

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30
Q

what hormones binds to receptors within the target cell?

A

lipid soluble

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31
Q

what is the mechanism of action of lipid soluble hormones?

A

diffuse across the plasma membrane and target those receptor cells found within the cytoplasm

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32
Q

what os the mechanism of water-soluble hormones?

A

they cannot diffuse into the target cell
they bind to the receptors that protrude from the surface

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33
Q

what is the first message?

A

involves water soluble hormones
cause the production of a second message inside the cell

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34
Q

what things are considered second messengers?

A

neurotransmitters
neuropeptides
transduction

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35
Q

what are G proteins?

A

a type of the first message that helps activate second message. A very common future of secondary messages

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36
Q

whoa does the secondary messanger work?

A

they translate the outer message and function within the cel

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37
Q

what are the permissive effects?

A

stimultaneous or recent exposure to a secondary hormone

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38
Q

what is the synergistic effects?

A

when the effect of two hormones acting together is greater than or more extensive then one acting alone

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39
Q

what is the antagonistic effect?

A

the one hormone opposes the action of another

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40
Q

what things regulate hormone secretion?

A

signals from NS
chemical changes of blood’
other hormones

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41
Q

what is more common to hormones
negative or positive feedback?

A

negative

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42
Q

what is the master gland?

A

pituitary gland

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43
Q

what is the master of the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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44
Q

where is your hypothalamus located?

A

a small region of the Brian below the thalamus

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45
Q

what joins the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland together?

A

infundibulum

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46
Q

what are the cells of the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

synthesizing 9 different hormones

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47
Q

what are the cells of the pituitary gland responsible for?

A

secreting 7 different hormones

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48
Q

what percentage of the pituitary gland does the anterior lobe make up?

A

75%

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49
Q

what kind of tissue makes up the anterior lobe?

A

epithelial tissue

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50
Q

how does the anterior lobe transport hormones?

A

via blood stream

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51
Q

what kind of tissue makes up the posterior lobe?

A

neural tissue

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52
Q

what is the function of the posterior lobe?

A

stores and releases 2 hormones

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53
Q

what two hormones are related by the posterior lobe?

A

ADH
oxytoicin

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54
Q

what two parts make up the anterior lobe?

A

pars distils
pars tubercles

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55
Q

what two things make up the posterior lobe?

A

pars nervose
infundibulum

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56
Q

what is the third region of the pituitary gland called?

A

pars intermedia

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57
Q

what is the system of the anterior pituitary system called?

A

hypophyseal portal system

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58
Q

how does blood get carried into the anterior lobe?

A

capillary - portal vein - capillary
one capillary leads to the veins
other to the heart

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59
Q

what are the special neurons called?

A

neurosecretory cells

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60
Q

what five cells are present in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

somatotrophs
thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs
lactotrophs
corticotrophins

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61
Q

match the following cell to the hormone released:
- somatotrophs ACTH / adrenocorticotrphic

  • thyotrophs PRL / prolation
  • gonadotrophs LH / FSH

-lactotrophs TSH / thyroid stimulating

  • corticotrophins. GH / growth hormone
A

somatotrophs = GH
thyrotrophs = TSH
gonadotrophs = FSH / LH
lactotrophs = PRL
corticotrophins = ACTH

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62
Q

how are the 7 hormones secreted in the hypothalamus?

A

neurosecretory cells
- 5 releasing 2 inhibiting
negative feedback

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63
Q

what is growth hormone responsible for?

A

growth of the body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair, lipolysis and elevation of blood glucose concentration

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64
Q

what tissue does growth hormone target ?

A

liver
bones and skeletal tissue

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65
Q

what is thyroid stimulating hormone for?

A

stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

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66
Q

what is follicle stimulating hormone for?

A

females: initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogen

men: stimulates testes to produce sperm

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67
Q

what is luteinizing hormone for?

A

females: stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone and ovulation or formation of corpus lutenum

men: stimulates testes to produce testosterone

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68
Q

what is prolactin for?

A

promotes milk production

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69
Q

what is ACTH for?

A

stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids

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70
Q

what is MSH for?

A

darkening of skin

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71
Q

is hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia more dangerous?

A

hypoglycaemia

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72
Q

what is hyposecretion?
hypersecretion?

A

hypo = inadequate relaxes of hormones
hyper = excessive release of hormones

73
Q

what is pituitary dwarfism?

A

hypo secretion of GH during fetal development or growing years
persons present with short stature and the Boyd appears childlike

74
Q

would organ failure be common in someone with pituitary dwarfism?

75
Q

can you prevent the side effects of pituitary dwarfism ?

A

only if caught early in life it can be treated with GH injections

76
Q

what is giantism?

A

hyper secretion of GH
persons present with long bones, thicken jaw, enlarge eyes and ears, thicken skin, etc

77
Q

what is the name for someone who has giantism as an adult?

A

acromegaly

78
Q

what is the role of oxytocin?

A

enhances contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of the uterus
stimulates milk ejection

79
Q

what is the role of antidiuretic hormone?

A

decrease urine production
decrease water loss from sweating
increased blood pressure

80
Q

what inhibits ADH?

81
Q

what is diabetes insipidus?

A

dysfunction of the posterior pituitary gland causing diabetes

82
Q

what is the thyroid shaped like?

83
Q

Where is the thyroid located?

A

inferior to larynx

84
Q

what hormones are fund in the thyroid?

A

thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
calcitonin

85
Q

what does T4 and T3 do together for the body?

A

regulates body temperature
increase basal metabolic rate
stimulates protein synthesis
increase the use of fatty acids
increase production of ATP or glucose

86
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

lower blood levels of Ca2 and HPO4 2
uptakes calcium and phosphate into bones

87
Q

what are the actions of the thyroid?

A

increases basal metabolic rate
enhances action of catecholamines
helps release hormones during development

88
Q

what increases with basal metabolic rate?

A

proteins
lipids
carbohydrates

89
Q

what is the name of the phenomenon that describes when cells produce and use more ATP and more heat is then given off and your body temperature rises?

A

calorigenic effect

90
Q

what cells produce calcitonin?

A

parafollicular cells

91
Q

what does calcitonin do for the body?

A

decrease the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclast

92
Q

what happens when blood levels are high? what does calcitonin do in response?

A

lowers the amount of blood calcium and phosphates nu inhibiting bone respiration

93
Q

what is congenital hypothyriodism?

A

hyposecretion of thyroid stimulating hormones

94
Q

when would someone present with congenital hypothyriodism?

95
Q

what two things are common side effects of congenital hypothyriodism?

A

mental retardation and stunted bone growth

96
Q

what is myxedema?

A

adult form of congenital hypothyriodism

97
Q

is myxoedema more common in men or women?

98
Q

what is recommend for adults to take with myxoedema?

A

thyroid hormones to reduce symptoms

99
Q

what is graves disease?

A

an autoimmune disorder where the person produces antibodies which mimic the action of the thyroid stimulating hormones

100
Q

what are some symptoms of graves disease?

A

enlarged thyroid
exophthalmos (swelling behind the eyes)

101
Q

what is the most common hyperthyroidism condition?

102
Q

what is goiters?

A

enlarged thyroid gland

103
Q

what things can goiters be associated with?

A

hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism
euthyriodism

104
Q

what is a thyroid storm?

A

extreme life-threatening form of thyrotoxicosis

105
Q

when is it common to see thyroid storm?

A

persons who undiagnosed with hyperthyroidism

106
Q

what would you not want to give someone who has thyroid storms condition?

107
Q

where is the parathyroid gland found?

A

embedded in the posterior surface of the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland

108
Q

what does the parathyroid do for the body?

A

releases calcium of the bones and into the blood
active vitamin D

109
Q

what is hypoparathriodism?

A

to little parathyroid hormone

110
Q

what are the side effects of hypoparathyroidism?

A

twitching
spasms
tetany

111
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism?

A

too much parathyroid hormone

112
Q

what condition is common with hyperparathyroidism?

A

osteoporosis

113
Q

where is the pineal gland?

A

the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

114
Q

what hormone is the pineal gland responsible for?

115
Q

what s season affective disorder?

A

a type of depression that afflicts some people during the winter months when day lengths are short

116
Q

what hormones are found in the gastrointestinal tract?

A

gastrin
glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
secretin
cholecystokinin

117
Q

what is cholecystokinin for?

A

causes feeling of fullness after eating

118
Q

what is human chorionic gonadotrophin response for?

A

maintain pregnancy
estrogen releases

119
Q

what is human choric somatomammotropin for?

A

mammary glands

120
Q

what hormone is used to increase the rate of red blood cell formation?

A

erythropoietin

121
Q

what is leptin for?

A

decrease appetite

122
Q

what does prostaglandins hormone target cell wise?

A

all body cells but RBC

123
Q

what does leukotrienes target cell wise?

A

all body cells except RBC

124
Q

what things do leukotrienes and prostaglandins do?

A

promote inflammations
white blood cell production
fever and intense pain
activate secondary message cells

125
Q

where is the adrenal gland located?

A

above the kidney

126
Q

what are the two regions of the adrenal gland?

A

medulla
cortex

127
Q

what are the three layers to the adrenal CORTEX?

A

outer zone or zona glomerulosa
middle zone or zona fasciculate
inner zone or zona reticularis

128
Q

what hormone is found in the zona glonerulosa?

A

aldosterone

129
Q

what is the action of aldosterone ?

A

promotes homeostasis and adjust blood pressure and volume

130
Q

what converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1?

131
Q

where does angiotensin 1 get released?

A

into the blood

132
Q

what hormone is found in the zona fasciculate?

A

cortisol
corticosterone
cortisone

133
Q

what are the six effects of glucocorticoid on the body?

A

protein breakdown
glucose formation
lipolysis
resistance to stress
anti inflammatory effects
depression of immune responses

134
Q

what is the function of androgens in the male and female body?

A

promote libido (sex drive)
stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair
contributes to pre-pubertal growth spurts

135
Q

what’re the hormone-secreting cells of the adrenal medulla called?

A

chromatin cells

136
Q

what two hormones are found in the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine

137
Q

what does epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

fight or flight response

138
Q

does heart rate decrease or increase with fight or flight?

139
Q

is your airways dilated or contracted with fight or flight?

140
Q

what is Cushing syndrome?

A

hyper secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

141
Q

what condition is known to result in moon face?

A

Cushing syndrome

142
Q

what is Addisons disease?

A

hypo secretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone

143
Q

when do symptoms of Addison’s disease begin?

A

the 90% of the cortex is destroyed

144
Q

match the following hormones to the cells:

glucagon alpha cells
insulin beta cells

A

glucagon alpha cells
insulin beta cells

145
Q

what does glucagon do for the body?

A

raises blood levels of glucose and inhibits secretion

146
Q

what does insulin do?

A

lowers blood level of glucose and inhibits secretion

147
Q

what is diabetes?

A

inability to produce insulin

148
Q

what are the three symptoms to diabetes mellitus?

A

polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia

149
Q

what is hyperinsulinsm?

A

too much insulin in the body
common in diabetics injects being too strong

150
Q

what is interleukin-1 ?

A

a substance secreted by macrophages of the immune system and is important link between stress and immunity

151
Q

what system keeps the immune system in check?

A

negative feedback

152
Q

what two drugs re used as immunosuppressive drugs for organ transplants recipients?

A

cortisol
glucocorticoids

153
Q

what is a helpful type of stress that prepares us to meet certain challenges?

154
Q

what is harmful stress?

155
Q

what is the producer of stress response?

156
Q

what is general adoption syndrome?

A

sequence e of changes in the body die to stressful conditions

157
Q

what controls our body adaption to stress?

A

hypothalamus

158
Q

match the following to the stages of GAS?

fight or flight long-lasting stage

resistance stage prolonged exposure

exhaustion short-lived

A

fight or flight = short lived

resistance stage = long lasting

exhaustion = prolonged exposure

159
Q

describe each of the structures responses to fight or flight:

brain
digestive
urinary
kidneys
reproductive

A

brain = hyperactive
digestive = inhibited
urinary = inhibited
kidneys = decrease blood flow and persevere urine
reproductive = inhibited

160
Q

what three hormones are involved with the resistance reaction stage?

A

CRH
GHRH
TRH

161
Q

what does CRH hormone do?

A

reduces inflammation or release cortisol

162
Q

what things happen during exhaustion?

A

wasting of muscles
suppression of immune system
ulceration of gastrointestinal
pancreatic beta cell failure

163
Q

what things can be a factor with stress adaption?

A

sleeping
health status
nutrition
age
time
gender

164
Q

what four things or systems are strongly effected with chronic stress syndrome?

A

cardiovascular
gastrointestinal
immune
neurologic

165
Q

what are some treatments to stress disorder?

A

relaxation
guided imagery
music
massage
biofeedback

166
Q

what system is a known for decreasing blood flow?

167
Q

how does ADH hormone work?

A

decrease blood volume to vasoconstric and increase blood pressure

168
Q

what four things help regulate blood pressure?

A

renin angiotensin or RAA
epinephrine and norepinephrine
antidiuretic hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide

169
Q

what hormones are ingested at bedtime and can lead to therapist effects in BP?

A

angiotensin 2

170
Q

what are the three outputs of the CV centre?

A

sympathetic stimulation
sympathetic depression
parasympathetic stimulation

171
Q

what are your three body receptors?

A

proprioceptors
baroreceptors
chemoreceptors

172
Q

how do baroreceptors work?

A

pressure sensations will trigger these
ex: increase of blood pressure will trigger baroreceptors

173
Q

how do chemoreceptors response?

A

detecting change in chemicals of blood

174
Q

match the following:
hypoxia increase H+
hypercapina decrease O2
acidosis increase CO2

A

hypoxia = decrease O2
hypercapina = increase CO2
acidosis = increase H+

175
Q

what tends to happens when moving from supine to prone?

A

blood pressure decreases

176
Q

what are the methods of hormonal regulation?

A

cardiac output
systemic vascular response
blood volume

177
Q

what two stimuli beds to auto regulation of blood flow?

A

physical changes
vasodilation and vasoconstriction

178
Q

what is failure of the cardiovascular system to delivery O2 and nutrients to meet needs?

179
Q

what are the four types of shock?

A

hypovolemic
cariogenic
vascular
obstructive

Module 8 (12 decks)

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